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| Tables, Figures, and Maps | |
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| Preface | |
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| Introduction: Dimensions of Democracy | |
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| A Tale of Two Presidents | |
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| Definitions of Democracy | |
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| Elections | |
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| Rights | |
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| Overview: Focus and Themes | |
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| Interpretive Arguments | |
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| Analytical Perspectives | |
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| Historical Perspectives, 1900-2000 | |
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| Cycles of Electoral Democracy | |
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| Legacies of Independence | |
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| Cycles and Trends | |
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| Global and Comparative Perspectives | |
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| Democratic Dominoes? | |
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| Subregional Variations and the Colossus of the North | |
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| Lessons over Time: Prior Experience | |
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| Democracy and Instability | |
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| Transitions and Continuities | |
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| Starting Points | |
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| Economic Requisites? | |
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| Social Forces | |
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| Cycle 1:1900-1939 | |
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| Cycle 2:1940-1977 | |
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| Cycle 3:1978-2000 | |
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| End Games and Elite Bargains | |
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| The Bargaining Process | |
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| Getting to Cases | |
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| Patterns of Change in Perspective | |
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| The Military: Heading for the Exits? | |
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| Forging Fatherlands | |
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| Patterns of Participation | |
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| Missions and Regimes | |
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| Wars Against Subversion | |
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| Democrats' Dilemma: To Amnesty or Not? | |
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| Precedents from Argentina | |
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| Chilean Twists | |
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| Modes of Interaction: The Armed Forces and Democracy | |
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| Has the Military Left? | |
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| Global Contexts, International Forces | |
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| Imperialism and Democracy | |
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| The Anticommunist Crusades | |
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| Stemming the Tides of Revolution | |
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| Displacing Inconvenient Democracies | |
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| Economic Issues: Debt and Structural Reform | |
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| The Political Economy of Globalization | |
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| Drugs, Dictators, and U.S. Policy | |
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| International Organizations | |
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| The Electoral Arena | |
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| Presidents or Parliaments? | |
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| The Terms of Debate | |
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| Envisioning Alternatives | |
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| Proparliamentary Arguments | |
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| Counterarguments | |
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| Semipresidentialism/Semiparliamentarism? | |
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| Attempts at Reform | |
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| Brazil: Voice of the Voters | |
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| Argentina: Calculating Political Odds | |
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| Chile: A Pact for Presidentialism | |
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| Why Not? | |
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| Institutional Variations | |
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| Executive Power | |
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| Means of Election | |
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| To Reelect or Not? | |
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| Sources of Power | |
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| The Legislative Branch | |
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| Electoral Systems and Rules of Representation | |
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| Reelection and Term Limits | |
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| Institutional Performance | |
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| Toppling Presidents? | |
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| Parties and Party Systems | |
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| Taking the Measure of Parties | |
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| Gauging Public Distrust | |
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| Elections: Voters, Winners, and Losers | |
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| Expanding the Electorate | |
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| Participation | |
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| Competitiveness | |
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| The Range of Choice | |
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| Impacts of Bureaucratic-Authoritarianism | |
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| Legacies of Military Populism | |
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| A Resurgence of the Left | |
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| Digression: Schisms on the Left | |
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| Dilemmas of Democracy: Representation vs. Governance | |
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| Qualities of Democracy | |
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| State Capacity and Policy Performance | |
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| The Latin American State: Roles and Capacities | |
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| Democracy vs. Dictatorship: General Hypotheses | |
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| The Politics of Economic Growth | |
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| Social Impacts: Health and Education | |
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| The Problem of Poverty | |
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| Inequality and Income Distribution | |
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| The Politics of Social Equity | |
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| Losing Ground: The Working Class | |
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| Signs of Hard Times | |
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| Zero-Sum Politics | |
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| Women: Moving Up | |
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| Patterns of Participation | |
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| Political Representation | |
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| Positions and Policies | |
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| Gathering Strength: Indigenous Peoples | |
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| Bolivia: Party Politics | |
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| Ecuador: Strength in Social Movements | |
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| Guatemala: Civil War and Genocide | |
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| Freedoms, Rights, and Illiberal Democracy | |
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| Gradations of Democracy | |
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| Freedom of the Press | |
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| Anidefamation Laws and Policies | |
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| Analytical Overview | |
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| The Uneven Rule of Law | |
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| The Roles of Courts | |
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| The Changing Content of Electoral Democracy | |
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| Pathways to Full Democracy | |
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| The People's Verdict | |
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| The Concept of Political Culture | |
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| Democracy in Principle | |
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| The Relevance of Social Class | |
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| Democracy in Practice | |
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| Case Study: Insights from Argentina | |
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| Political Ideology | |
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| Trust in Institutions | |
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| Roots of Disenchantment | |
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| Activism and Protest | |
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| Democracy Considered | |
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| The Dialectic of Democracy | |
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| Findings in Review | |
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| Changing Shapes of Democracy | |
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| Democracy in the Era of Mass Politics | |
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| 1940-1977: Dangers of Democracy | |
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| 1978-Present: Democracy Made Safe | |
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| 1998-Present: Democracy Turns Left | |
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| Epilogue: The Future of Democracy | |
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| The International Environment | |
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| Economic Dimensions | |
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| The Crash of 2007-2009 | |
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| Transnational Crime | |
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| Political Developments | |
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| Democratic Tendencies | |
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| The Question of Consolidation | |
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| Deepening Democracy? | |
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| Survival, Institutionalization, and Legitimation | |
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| Alternative Scenarios | |
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| Standing Fast | |
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| Backsliding | |
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| Moving Ahead | |
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| Classification of Electoral Regimes, 1900-2000 | |
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| Military Coups in Latin America, 1900-2000 | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Index | |