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| Preface | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Computers, Microprocessors, Microcomputers, Microcontrollers | |
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| Moore's Law | |
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| Microcontrollers | |
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| Some Basic Definitions | |
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| Notation | |
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| Study Plan | |
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| General Principles of Microcontrollers | |
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| Introduction | |
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| A Typical Microcontroller | |
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| The Picocontroller | |
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| The Microcontroller's Memory | |
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| The Central Processor Unit | |
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| Timing | |
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| The I/O Interface | |
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| The Address, Data, and Control Buses | |
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| Some More Instructions | |
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| The Final Picocontroller Design | |
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| Software/Firmware Development | |
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| The Software Development Tool Set | |
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| Remaining Questions | |
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| Conclusion and Chapter Summary Points | |
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| Problems | |
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| Structured Program Design | |
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| The Need for Software Design | |
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| The Software Development Process | |
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| Top-Down Design | |
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| Design Partitioning | |
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| Bottom-Up Design | |
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| The Real-World Approach | |
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| Types of Design Activity | |
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| Design Tools | |
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| Top-Down Debugging and Testing | |
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| Structured Programming in Assembly Language | |
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| Program Comments | |
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| Software Documentation | |
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| A Top-Down Design Example | |
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| Chapter Summary Points | |
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| Bibliography and Further Reading | |
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| Problems | |
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| Introduction to the CPU: Registers and Condition Codes | |
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| Introduction | |
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| CPU Registers | |
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| Register Transfers | |
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| The Condition Code Register | |
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| The Programmer's Model | |
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| Conclusion and Chapter Summary Points | |
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| Problems | |
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| Memory Addressing Modes | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Addressing Terminology | |
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| Memory Types | |
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| Computer Types and Memory Maps | |
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| Memory Architectures | |
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| Addressing Modes | |
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| Stack Addressing | |
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| Chapter Conclusion and Summary Points | |
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| Problems | |
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| Assembly Language Programming | |
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| Assembly Language Programming Style | |
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| Structured Assembly Language Programming | |
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| Interprocess Communication | |
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| Assembly Language Tricks of the Trade | |
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| Making It Look Pretty | |
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| Conclusion and Chapter Summary Points | |
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| Bibliography and Further Reading | |
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| Problems | |
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| C Programming for Embedded Systems | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Major Differences Between C for Embedded and Desktop Applications | |
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| Architecture of a C Program | |
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| Assembly Language Interface | |
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| Bits and Bytes: Accessing I/O Registers | |
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| Interrupts | |
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| Conclusion and Chapter Summary Points | |
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| Bibliography and Further Reading | |
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| Problems | |
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| Debugging Microcontroller Software and Hardware | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Program Debugging | |
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| Debugging Your Code | |
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| Debugging Tools | |
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| Typical Assembly Language Program Bugs | |
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| Debugging and Testing C Programs | |
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| Other Debugging Techniques | |
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| Conclusion and Chapter Summary Points | |
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| Bibliography and Further Reading | |
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| Problems | |
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| Computer Buses and Parallel I/O | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Computer Bus | |
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| I/O Addressing | |
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| More Bus Ideas | |
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| Microcontroller I/O | |
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| More I/O Ideas | |
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| I/O Software | |
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| Conclusion and Chapter Summary Points | |
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| Problems | |
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| Interrupts and Real-Time Events | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Interrupt Process | |
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| Multiple Sources of Interrupts | |
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| Simultaneous Interrupts: Priorities | |
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| Nested Interrupts | |
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| Other Interrupts | |
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| The Interrupt Service Routine or Interrupt Handler | |
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| An Interrupt Program Template | |
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| Advanced Interrupts | |
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| Watchdog Timer or Computer Operating Properly (COP) | |
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| Real-Time Interrupt | |
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| Conclusion and Chapter Summary Points | |
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| Problems | |
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| Memory | |
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| Introduction | |
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| A Short History of Random Access Memory | |
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| Semiconductor Memory | |
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| Memory Timing Requirements | |
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| Chapter Conclusion and Summary Points | |
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| Problems | |
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| Serial I/O | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Asynchronous Serial Communication System | |
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| Standards for the Asynchronous Serial I/O Interface | |
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| Asynchronous Serial Hardware Interfaces | |
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| ASCII Data and Control Codes | |
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| Asynchronous Data Flow Control | |
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| Debugging and Trouble Shooting | |
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| Asynchronous Serial I/O Software | |
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| Synchronous Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) | |
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| SPI Interface Examples | |
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| Inter-Integrated Circuit (IIC or I2C) | |
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| The Controller Area Network (CAN) Bus | |
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| Conclusion and Chapter Summary Points | |
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| Problems | |
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| Analog Input and Output | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Data Acquisition and Conversion | |
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| Shannon's Sampling Theorem and Aliasing | |
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| A/D Errors | |
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| Choosing the A/D Converter | |
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| The Analog-to-Digital Converter Interface | |
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| Analog-to-Digital Converter Types | |
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| Digital-to-Analog Conversion | |
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| Other Analog I/O Methods | |
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| Conclusion and Chapter Summary Points | |
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| Problems | |
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| Counters and Timers | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Timer/Counter | |
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| Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) Waveforms | |
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| "Real" Real-Time Clock: Clock Time | |
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| Conclusion and Chapter Summary Points | |
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| Problems | |
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| Single-Chip Microcontroller Interfacing Techniques | |
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| Microcontroller Chip I/O | |
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| Simple Input Devices | |
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| Simple Display Devices | |
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| Parallel I/O Expansion | |
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| Parallel I/O Electronics | |
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| Temperature Measurements | |
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| Motor Control | |
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| Conclusion and Chapter Summary Points | |
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| Bibliography and Further Reading | |
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| Problems | |
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| Real-Time Operating Systems | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Real-Time Operating System (RTOS) | |
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| Conclusion and Chapter Summary Points | |
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| Bibliography and Further Reading | |
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| Problems | |
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| Appendix Binary Codes | |
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| Binary Codes Review | |
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| Problems | |
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| Solutions to Selected Problems | |
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| Index | |