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| Preface | |
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| Philosophical Work | |
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| Back to Basics | |
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| The Consolations of Philosophy | |
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| Box: Socrates | |
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| Philosophy and Arguments | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Plato: Socrates' Examined Life | |
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| Bertrand Russell: The Value of Philosophy | |
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| Chapter 1 Essay Questions | |
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| The Existence of God | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| The Cosmological Argument | |
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| Box: Thomas Aquinas | |
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| Thomas Aquinas: Summa Theologica | |
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| J. L. Mackie: Critique of Cosmological Arguments | |
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| William Lane Craig: The Kalam Cosmological Argument | |
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| Avicenna: On the Nature of God | |
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| Argument 1 Essay Questions | |
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| The Design Argument from Analogy | |
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| William Paley: The Watch and the Watchmaker | |
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| David Hume: Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion | |
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| Argument 2 Essay Questions | |
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| The Design Argument from the Best Explanation | |
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| Richard Swinburne: The Best Explanation of Apparent Design | |
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| Lewis Vaughn: The Failure of Supernatural Hypotheses | |
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| Michael J. Behe: Intelligent Design | |
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| Philip Kitchen Living with Darwin | |
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| Argument 3 Essay Questions | |
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| The Ontological Argument | |
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| St. Anselm: Anselm's Proof | |
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| Immanuel Kant: Of the Impossibility of an Ontological Proof | |
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| William L. Rowe: The Problem with the Ontological Argument | |
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| Ren� Descartes: On the Ontological Argument | |
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| Argument 4 Essay Questions | |
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| The Argument from Miracles | |
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| J. L. Mackie: Miracles and Testimony | |
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| David Hume: Of Miracles | |
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| Richard Swinburne: Miracles | |
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| Argument 5 Essay Questions | |
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| The Argument from Evil | |
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| William L. Rowe: The Problem of Evil and Some Varieties of Atheism | |
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| H. J. McCloskey: God and Evil | |
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| Alvin Plantinga: The Free Will Defense | |
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| John Hick: The Soul-Making Defense | |
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| Argument 6 Essay Questions | |
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| Chapter 2 Essay Questions | |
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| Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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| Knowledge and Skepticism | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Descartes' Dream and Evil Genius Arguments | |
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| Ren� Descartes: Meditations on First Philosophy (Meditation I) | |
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| Christopher Grau: Bad Dreams, Evil Demons, and the Experience Machine: Philosophy and The Matrix | |
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| Argument 7 Essay Questions | |
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| Descartes Argument against Skepticism | |
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| Ren� Descartes: Meditations on First Philosophy (Meditation IV) | |
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| David Hume: Of Skepticism with Regard to the Senses | |
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| Robert Audi: Against Skepticism | |
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| Argument 8 Essay Questions | |
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| Berkeley's Argument against the Existence of Material Objects | |
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| George Berkeley: Principles of Human Knowledge | |
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| John Locke: An Essay concerning Human Understanding | |
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| Bertrand Russell: Berkeley's Idealism | |
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| Argument 9 Essay Questions | |
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| Hume's Argument against Induction | |
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| Box: David Hume | |
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| David Hume: An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding | |
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| Wesley C. Salmon: The Problem of Induction | |
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| Argument 10 Essay Questions | |
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| Chapter 3 Essay Questions | |
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| Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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| Mind and Body | |
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| Box: Ren� Descartes | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Descartes' Conceivability Argument for Dualism | |
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| Ren� Descartes: Discourse on Method | |
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| Paul M. Churchland: Dualism | |
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| Buddhist Writings: There Is No Ego | |
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| Argument 11 Essay Questions | |
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| Nagel's Bat Argument against Mind-Body Identity | |
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| Thomas Nagel: What Is It Like to Be a Bat? | |
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| J. J. C. Smart: Sensations and Brain Processes | |
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| Argument 12 Essay Questions | |
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| Chalmers' Zombie Argument against Materialism | |
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| David Chalmers: The Logical Possibility of Zombies | |
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| Daniel C. Dennett: "Epiphenomenal" Qualia? | |
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| Argument 13 Essay Questions | |
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| Block's Chinese Brain Argument against Functionalism | |
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| Ned Block: Troubles with Functionalism | |
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| Jerry A. Fodor: The Mind-Body Problem | |
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| Argument 14 Essay Questions | |
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| Searle's Chinese Room Argument against Strong AI | |
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| John R. Searle: Is the Brains Mind a Computer Program? | |
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| William G. Lycan: Machine Consciousness | |
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| Argument 15 Essay Questions | |
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| Chapter 4 Essay Questions | |
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| Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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| Free Will and Determinism | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Argument for Hard Determinism | |
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| Baron d'Holbach: Of the System of Man's Free Agency | |
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| Richard Taylor: Freedom and Determinism | |
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| Jean-Paul Sartre: Absolute Freedom | |
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| Argument 16 Essay Questions | |
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| Indeterminist Argument for Free Will | |
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| Box: William James | |
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| William James: The Dilemma of Determinism | |
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| Robert Kane: Free Will and Modern Science | |
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| Argument 17 Essay Questions | |
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| Argument against Compatibilism | |
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| W. T. Stace: The Problem of Free Will | |
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| William L. Rowe: Two Concepts of Freedom | |
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| Harry G. Frankfurt: Freedom of the Will and the Concept of a Person | |
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| Peter van Inwagen: The Incompatibility of Free Will and Determinism | |
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| Argument 18 Essay Questions | |
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| Argument against Libertarianism | |
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| Randolph Clarke: Toward a Credible Agent-Causal Account of Free Will | |
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| Galen Strawson: Libertarianism, Action, and Self-Determination | |
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| Timothy O'Connor: Agent Causation | |
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| Argument 19 Essay Questions | |
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| Chapter 5 Essay Questions | |
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| Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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| Ethics | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Argument for Cultural Relativism | |
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| Ruth Benedict: The Case for Moral Relativism | |
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| Russ Shafer-Landau: Ethical Relativism | |
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| Argument 20 Essay Questions | |
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| Argument against Ethical Egoism | |
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| Thomas Hobbes: Leviathan | |
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| Louis P. Pojman: A Critique of Ethical Egoism | |
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| Joel Feinberg: Psychological Egoism | |
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| Argument 21 Essay Questions | |
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| Argument against the Divine Command Theory | |
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| Plato: Euthyphro | |
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| Russ Shafer-Landau: The Divine Command Theory | |
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| Argument 22 Essay Questions | |
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| Argument against Utilitarianism | |
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| Box: John Stuart Mill John Stuart Mill: Utilitarianism | |
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| E. F. Carritt: Criticisms of Utilitarianism | |
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| Argument 23 Essay Questions | |
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| Argument against Kantian Ethics | |
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| Immanuel Kant: Foundations of the Metaphysic of Morals | |
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| William K. Frankena: Kant's Theory | |
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| Virginia Held: The Ethics of Care | |
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| Argument 24 Essay Questions | |
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| Chapter 6 Essay Questions | |
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| Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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| Philosophy at Work: Contemporary Ethical Debates | |
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| Abortion | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Two Arguments against Abortion | |
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| John T. Noonan, Jr.: An Almost Absolute Value in History | |
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| Don Marquis: Why Abortion Is Immoral | |
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| Two Arguments for Abortion | |
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| Mary Anne Warren: On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion | |
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| Judith Jarvis Thomson: A Defense of Abortion | |
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| Abortion Essay Questions | |
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| Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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| Euthanasia | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Two Arguments against Euthanasia | |
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| Leon R. Kass: Why Doctors Must Not Kill | |
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| Daniel Callahan: When Self-Determination Runs Amok | |
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| Two Arguments for Euthanasia | |
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| Dan W. Brock: Voluntary Active Euthanasia | |
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| James Rachels: Active and Passive Euthanasia | |
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| Euthanasia Essay Questions | |
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| Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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| Global Hunger | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Hardin's Argument against Aiding the Poor | |
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| Garrett Hardin: Living on a Lifeboat | |
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| William W. Murdoch and Allan Oaten: A Critique of Lifeboat Ethics | |
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| Singer's Argument for Aiding the Poor | |
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| Peter Singer: Famine, Affluence, and Morality | |
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| Louis P. Pojman: World Hunger and Population | |
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| Global Hunger Essay Questions | |
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| Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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| Appendix: How to Read and Write Argumentative Essays | |
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| Glossary | |