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Crime and the Criminal Justice System | |
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Introduction | |
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What Is Crime? | |
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Measuring Crime | |
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The Philosophies of the Criminal Justice System | |
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Retribution | |
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Deterrence | |
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Rehabilitation | |
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A System of Checks and Balances | |
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The Four C's of the Criminal Justice System (Citizens, Cops, Courts, and Corrections) | |
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Recent Trends in Criminal Justice | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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Theories/Explanations of Crime | |
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Introduction | |
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Theoretical Schools of Thought | |
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The Classical School | |
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The Positivist School | |
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Neoclassicism | |
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Biological Explanations | |
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Physical Appearance Theories | |
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Genetics and Inheritance Explanations | |
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Biosocial Approaches | |
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Psychological Explanations | |
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Psychoanalytic Approaches | |
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Developmental Explanations | |
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Learning Theories | |
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Personality Traits | |
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Sociological Explanations | |
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The Ecological Perspective | |
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Sociological Learning Theories | |
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Subcultural Approaches | |
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Routine Activities and Rational Choice | |
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Social Control Theories | |
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Strain Theories | |
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The Labeling Perspective | |
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Conflict Theories | |
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Theory Integration | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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Policing and Law Enforcement | |
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Introduction | |
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Law Enforcement | |
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Order Maintenance | |
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Service | |
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StructureLocal | |
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Sheriff | |
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State | |
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Federal | |
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Special Police | |
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Tribal | |
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OrganizationSworn vs. Civilian | |
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Geography | |
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Time | |
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Police Work and Career Paths | |
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The Hiring Process | |
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Field Training | |
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Promotion | |
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Specialties | |
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Historical Background | |
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The American Experience | |
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Political Era | |
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Professional Era | |
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Community Policing Era | |
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Enduring Elements and Issues | |
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Police Subculture | |
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Police Corruption | |
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Harassment | |
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Improper Use of Force | |
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The Blue Wall | |
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Who Will Guard the Guardians? | |
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Future Issues | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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Courts and Legal Issues | |
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Introduction | |
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Common Law | |
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Sources of Law | |
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Criminal vs. Civil Law | |
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Adversarial System | |
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Due Process vs. Crime Control | |
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The Court System | |
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Dual Court System | |
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Jurisdiction | |
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Assembly-Line Justice | |
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Courtroom Workgroup | |
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Attrition and Plea Bargaining | |
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Federal Court System | |
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State Court Systems | |
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Court Actors | |
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Prosecutors | |
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Defense Attorneys | |
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Judges | |
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Movement of Cases Through the Court System | |
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Current Issues | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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Corrections | |
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Introduction | |
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Contemporary Corrections | |
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Punishment in Contemporary America | |
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Sentencing and Sanctions | |
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Sentencing Models | |
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Available Sanctions | |
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Community Supervision and Intermediate Sanctions | |
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Jails | |
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Prisons and Correctional Institutions | |
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Prison Life, Release, and Reintegration | |
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Future Issues Facing Corrections | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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The Juvenile Justice System | |
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Introduction | |
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Defining Delinquency | |
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The Development of the Juvenile Justice System | |
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The Philosophy of the System | |
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The Police and Juveniles | |
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The Juvenile Court | |
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Detention | |
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The Intake Decision | |
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The Transfer (or Waiver) Decision | |
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Adjudication | |
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Disposition | |
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Due Process for Juveniles | |
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Juvenile Corrections | |
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Diversion | |
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Institutional and Residential Interventions | |
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Community Interventions | |
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Special Topics | |
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Gangs | |
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Drugs and Delinquency | |
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Capital Punishment and Juveniles | |
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Calls to Eliminate the Juvenile System | |
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Suggested Readings | |