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New to this edition | |
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New translation | |
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Each chapter ends with a Summary and Conclusion | |
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Chapter Review Questions | |
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Key Terms | |
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Bibliography, and Further Reading | |
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Preface | |
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History of Philosophy | |
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Introduction: Philosophy | |
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Socrates | |
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Aristophanes, from The Clouds | |
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Plato, from The Apology; from The Crito; from The Phaedo; from The Republic | |
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What Is Philosophy? | |
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Plato, from The Apology | |
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Karl Jaspers, from "The 'Axial Period'" | |
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Tao Te Ching | |
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A Modern Approach to Philosophy | |
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Rene Descartes, from Discourse on Method | |
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A | |
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Deductive Arguments | |
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Inductive Arguments | |
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Argument by Analogy | |
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Necessary and Sufficient Conditions, "Logical Possibility," and Arguments by Counter-example | |
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Reductio ad Absurdum | |
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The Most Insidious Kinds of Fallacies | |
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The World And Beyond | |
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Reality | |
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"The Way The World Really Is" | |
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Aristotle, from Metaphysics | |
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The First Greek Philosophers | |
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The Ionian Naturalists | |
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Monism, Materialism, and Immaterial "Stuff" | |
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Heraclitus | |
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Democritus, Atoms, and Pluralism | |
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Animism | |
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Pythagoras | |
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The Appearance/Reality Distinction | |
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Parmenides | |
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Parmenides, from Fragments | |
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The Sophists | |
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Metaphysics | |
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Ultimate Reality in the East: India, Persia, and China | |
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Reality as Spirit: The Upanishads | |
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From Upanishads | |
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Reality, Good, and Evil: Zarathustra | |
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From Zend-Avesta | |
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Confucius | |
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Confucius, from The Analects | |
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Lao-zi, or the Poets of the Dao De Jing | |
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Lao-zi, from Dao De Jing | |
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Buddha | |
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Buddha, from "Fire-Sermon" | |
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Two Kinds of Metaphysics: Plato and Aristotle | |
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Plato | |
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Plato, from The Symposium; from The Republic; from The Meno | |
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Aristotle | |
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Aristotle, from Metaphysics; from Physics; from Metaphysics | |
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Modern Metaphysics | |
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Rene Descartes | |
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Rene Descartes, On Substance; from "Meditation VI" | |
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Benedictus de Spinoza | |
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Benedictus de Spinoza, from Ethics | |
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Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz | |
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Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz, from Monadology | |
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From "The Fundamental Question of Metaphysics" | |
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On the Plurality of Worlds | |
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Religion | |
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What is Religion? | |
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From "Gods" | |
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On the Design of the Universe | |
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From "What Is Religion?" | |
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B | |
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The Traditional Conception of God | |
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Proving God: The Ontological Argument | |
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On the Ontological Argument | |
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Rene Descartes, on the Ontological Argument | |
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Immanuel Kant, Against the Ontological Argument | |
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On the Ontological Argument | |
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God as Creator: Intelligence and Design | |
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Aquinas, on the Cosmological Argument | |
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On the "Fifth Way" | |
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On an Imperfect Universe | |
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From The Mind of God | |
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On the "Fine-Tuning" Argument | |
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Religion and "Practical Reason" | |
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On God and Morality | |
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From "The Will to Believe" | |
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The Problem of Evil | |
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From Confessions | |
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Hinduism, Bud | |