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| A Word to Instructors | |
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| A Word to Students | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Before Philosophy: Myth in Hesiod and Homer | |
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| Hesiod: War among the Gods | |
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| Homer: Heroes, Gods, and Excellence | |
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| Philosophy Before Socrates | |
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| Thales: The One as Water | |
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| Anaximander: The One as the Boundless | |
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| Xenophanes: The Gods as Fictions | |
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| Sketches: Pythagoras | |
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| Heraclitus: Oneness in the Logos | |
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| Profile: The Tao | |
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| Parmenides: Only the One | |
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| Zeno: The Paradoxes of Common Sense | |
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| Atomism: The One and the Many Reconciled | |
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| The Key: An Ambiguity | |
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| The World | |
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| The Soul | |
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| How to Live | |
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| Socrates and the Sophists | |
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| Rhetoric, Relativism, and the Search for Truth | |
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| The Sophists | |
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| Rhetoric | |
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| Relativism | |
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| Physis and Nomos | |
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| Athens and Sparta at War | |
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| Socrates | |
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| Character | |
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| Is Socrates a Sophist? | |
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| What Socrates Knows | |
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| The Trial and Death of Socrates | |
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| Euthyphro | |
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| Apology | |
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| Translator's Introduction | |
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| The Dialogue | |
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| Commentary and Questions | |
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| Crito's Visit | |
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| Socrates' Death | |
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| Plato: Knowing the Real and the Good | |
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| Knowledge and Opinion | |
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| Making the Distinction | |
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| We Do Know Certain Truths | |
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| The Objects of Knowledge | |
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| The Reality of the Forms | |
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| The World and the Forms | |
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| How Forms are Related to the World | |
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| Lower and Higher Forms | |
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| The Form of the Good | |
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| The Love of Wisdom | |
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| The Soul | |
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| The Immortality of the Soul | |
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| The Structure of the Soul | |
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| Morality | |
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| The State | |
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| Problems with the Forms | |
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| Aristotle | |
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| The Reality of the World | |
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| Aristotle and Plato | |
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| Otherworldliness | |
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| The Objects of Knowledge | |
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| Human Nature | |
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| Relativism and Skepticism | |
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| Ethics | |
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| Logic and Knowledge | |
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| Terms and Statements | |
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| Truth | |
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| Reasons Why: The Syllogism | |
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| Knowing First Principles | |
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| The World | |
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| Nature | |
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| The Four Becauses | |
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| Is There Purpose in Nature? | |
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| Teleology | |
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| First Philosophy | |
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| Substance and Form | |
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| Pure Actualities | |
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| God | |
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| The Soul | |
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| Levels of Soul | |
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| Soul and Body | |
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| Nous | |
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| The Good Life | |
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| Happiness | |
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| Virtue or Excellence (Arete) | |
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| The Role of Reason | |
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| Responsibility | |
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| The Highest Good | |
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| Interlude 1: The Skeptics | |
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| Interlude 2: The Christians | |
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| Background | |
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| Jesus | |
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| The Meaning of Jesus | |
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| Augustine | |
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| God and the Soul | |
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| Wisdom, Happiness, and God | |
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| God and the World | |
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| The Great Chain of Being | |
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| Evil | |
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| Time | |
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| Human Nature and Its Corruption | |
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| Human Nature and Its Restoration | |
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| The Two Cities | |
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| Christians and Philosophers | |
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| Reason and Authority | |
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| Intellect and Will | |
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| Anselm and Aquinas | |
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| Arguing for the Existence of God | |
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| Anselm: On That Than Which No Greater Can Be Conceived | |
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| Thomas Aquinas: Rethinking Aristotle | |
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| Philosophy and Theology | |
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| Sketches: Avicenna (Ibn Sina) | |
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| Existence and Essence | |
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| Sketches: Averroes (Ibn Rushd) | |
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| From Creation to God | |
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| Sketches: Maimonides (Moses ben Maimon) | |
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| Interlude 3: Moving From Medieval to Modern | |
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| The World God Made for Us | |
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| The Humanists | |
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| Reforming the Church | |
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| Skeptical Thoughts Revived | |
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| C | |