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| Boxed Material | |
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| Preface | |
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| Symbols | |
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| Conversion Factors, Equations, and Units of Energy | |
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| Definitions | |
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| Structure and Function | |
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| Phylogeny | |
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| Cell Structure | |
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| Summary | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| Growth and Cell Division | |
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| Measurement of Growth | |
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| Growth Physiology | |
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| Cell Division | |
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| Growth Yields | |
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| Growth Kinetics | |
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| Steady State Growth and Continuous Growth | |
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| Summary | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| Membrane Bioenergetics: The Proton Potential | |
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| The Chemiosmotic Theory | |
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| Electrochemical Energy | |
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| The Contributions of the [Delta psi] and the [Delta]pH to the Overall [Delta]p in Neutrophiles, Acidophiles, and Alkaliphiles | |
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| Ionophores | |
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| Measurement of the [Delta]p | |
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| Use of the [Delta]p to Do Work | |
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| Exergonic Reactions that Generate a [Delta]p | |
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| Other Mechanisms for Creating a [Delta psi] or a [Delta]p | |
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| Halorhodopsin, a Light-Driven Chloride Pump | |
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| The [Delta]p and ATP Synthesis in Alkaliphiles | |
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| Summary | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| Electron Transport | |
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| Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration | |
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| The Electron Carriers | |
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| Organization of the Electron Carriers in Mitochondria | |
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| Organization of the Electron Carriers in Bacteria | |
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| Coupling Sites | |
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| How a Proton Potential Might Be Created at the Coupling Sites: Q Loops, Q Cycles, and Proton Pumps | |
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| Patterns of Electron Flow in Individual Bacterial Species | |
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| Summary | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| Photosynthesis | |
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| The Phototrophic Prokaryotes | |
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| The Purple Photosynthetic Bacteria | |
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| The Green Sulfur Bacteria (Chlorbiaceae) | |
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| Cyanobacteria and Chloroplasts | |
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| Efficiency of Photosynthesis | |
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| Photosynthetic Pigments | |
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| The Transfer of Energy from the Light-Harvesting Pigments to the Reaction Center | |
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| The Structure of Photosynthetic Membranes in Bacteria | |
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| Summary | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| The Regulation of Metabolic Pathways | |
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| Patterns of Regulation of Metabolic Pathways | |
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| Kinetics of Regulatory and Nonregulatory Enzymes | |
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| Conformational Changes in Regulatory Enzymes | |
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| Regulation by Covalent Modification | |
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| Summary | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| Bioenergetics in the Cytosol | |
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| High-Energy Molecules and Group Transfer Potential | |
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| The Central Role of Group Transfer Reactions in Biosynthesis | |
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| ATP Synthesis by Substrate Level Phosphorylation | |
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| Summary | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| Central Metabolic Pathways | |
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| Glycolysis | |
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| The Fate of NADH | |
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| Why Write NAD[superscript +] Instead of NAD, and NADH Instead of NADH[subscript 2]? | |
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| A Modified EMP Pathway in the Hyperthermophilic Archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus | |
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| The Pentose Phosphate Pathway | |
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| The Entner-Doudoroff Pathway | |
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| The Oxidation of Pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA: The Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Reaction | |
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| The Citric Acid Cycle | |
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| Carboxylations that Replenish Oxaloacetate: The Pyruvate and Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylases | |
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| Modification of the Citric Acid Cycle into a Reductive (Incomplete) Cycle During Fermentative Growth | |
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| Chemistry of Some of the Reactions in the Citric Acid Cycle | |
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| The Glyoxylate Cycle | |
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| Formation of Phosphoenolpyruvate | |
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| Formation of Pyruvate from Malate | |
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| Summary of the Relationships Between the Pathways | |
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| Summary | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| Metabolism of Lipids, Nucleotides, Amino Acids, and Hydrocarbons | |
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| Lipids | |
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| Nucleotides | |
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| Amino Acids | |
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| Aliphatic Hydrocarbons | |
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| Summary | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| Macromolecular Synthesis | |
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| DNA Replication, Chromosome Separation, and Chromosome Partitioning | |
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| RNA Synthesis | |
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| Protein Synthesis | |
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| Summary | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| Cell Wall and Capsule Biosynthesis | |
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| Peptidoglycan | |
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| Lipopolysaccharide | |
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| Extracellular Polysaccharide Synthesis and Export in Gram-Negative Bacteria | |
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| Levan and Dextran Synthesis | |
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| Glycogen Synthesis | |
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| Summary | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| Inorganic Metabolism | |
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| Assimilation of Nitrate and Sulfate | |
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| Dissimilation of Nitrate and Sulfate | |
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| Nitrogen Fixation | |
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| Lithotrophy | |
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| Summary | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| C[subscript 1] Metabolism | |
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| Carbon Dioxide Fixation Systems | |
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| Growth on C[subscript 1] Compounds Other than CO[subscript 2]: The Methylotrophs | |
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| Summary | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| Fermentations | |
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| Oxygen Toxicity | |
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| Energy Conservation by Anaerobic Bacteria | |
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| Electron Sinks | |
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| The Anaerobic Food Chain | |
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| How to Balance a Fermentation | |
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| Propionate Fermentation via the Acrylate Pathway | |
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| Propionate Fermentation via the Succinate-Propionate Pathway | |
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| Acetate Fermentation (Acetogenesis) | |
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| Lactate Fermentation | |
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| Mixed-Acid and Butanediol Fermentation | |
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| Butyrate Fermentation | |
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| Ruminococcus albus | |
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| Summary | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| Homeostasis | |
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| Maintaining a [Delta]pH | |
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| Osmotic Pressure and Osmotic Potential | |
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| Summary | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| Solute Transport | |
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| The Use of Proteoliposomes to Study Solute Transport | |
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| Kinetics of Solute Uptake | |
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| Energy-Dependent Transport | |
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| How to Determine the Source of Energy for Transport | |
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| Drug-Export Systems | |
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| Bacterial Transport Systems in Summary | |
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| Summary | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| Protein Transport | |
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| The Sec System | |
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| The Translocation of Membrane-Bound Proteins | |
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| The E. coli SRP | |
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| Protein Translocation of Folded Proteins; the Tat System | |
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| Extracellular Protein Secretion | |
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| Folding of Periplasmic Proteins | |
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| Summary | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| Microbial Development and Physiological Adaptation: Varied Responses to Environmental Cues and Intercellular Signals | |
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| Introduction to Two-Component Signaling Systems | |
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| Responses by Facultative Anaerobes to Anaerobiosis | |
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| Response to Nitrate and Nitrite: The Nar Regulatory System | |
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| Response to Nitrogen Supply: The Ntr Regulon | |
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| Response to Inorganic Phosphate Supply: The Pho Regulon | |
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| Effect of Oxygen and Light on the Expression of Photosynthetic Genes in the Purple Photosynthetic Bacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus | |
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| Response to Osmotic Pressure and Temperature: Regulation of Porin Synthesis | |
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| Response to Potassium Ion and External Osmolarity: Stimulation of Transcription of the kdpABC Operon by a Two-Component Regulatory System | |
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| Acetyl-Phosphate Is a Possible Global Signal in Certain Two-Component Systems | |
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| Response to Carbon Sources: Catabolite Repression, Inducer Expulsion, Permease Synthesis | |
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| Virulence Factors: Synthesis in Response to Temperature, pH, Nutrient, Osmolarity, and Quorum Sensors | |
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| Chemotaxis | |
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| Photoresponses | |
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| Aerotaxis | |
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| Introduction to Bacterial Development and to Quorum Sensing | |
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| Myxobacteria | |
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| Caulobacter Development: Control of DNA Replication and Cell Cycle Genes | |
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| Sporulation in Bacillus subtilis | |
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| Competence in Bacillus subtilis | |
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| Bioluminescence | |
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| Systems Similar to LuxR/LuxI in Nonluminescent Bacteria | |
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| Biofilms | |
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| Summary | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| How Bacteria Respond to Environmental Stress | |
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| Heat-Shock Response | |
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| Repairing Damaged DNA | |
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| The SOS Response | |
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| Oxidative Stress | |
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| Summary | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| Index | |