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| Maps | |
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| Figures | |
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| Preface | |
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| Notes to the Reader | |
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| Early Italy | |
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| Italy and the Mediterranean World | |
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| Italy Before the City | |
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| The Iron Age in Etruria, Latium, and Campania | |
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| Greeks and Phoenicians in the Central Mediterranean | |
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| The Rise of Cities | |
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| Beginning of Writing | |
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| Appearance of an Elite | |
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| Cities and Monumental Architecture | |
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| Warfare in the Orientalizing and Archaic Periods | |
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| Social and Economic Organization | |
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| Etruscans and Greeks | |
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| Rome's First Centuries | |
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| Emergence of an Urban Community | |
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| The Romans and Their Early History | |
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| Romulus Founds Rome (Plutarch) | |
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| Dates of Rome's Kings According to Varro | |
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| Rome Under the Kings | |
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| Rome and the Latins | |
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| The Early Republic | |
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| Beginning of the Republic | |
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| Rome and Its Neighbors in the Fifth Century | |
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| Struggle of the Orders | |
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| Rome and Italy in the Fourth Century | |
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| Fall of Veii and the Sack of Rome | |
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| The City and Its Institutions in the Fourth Century | |
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| Officials | |
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| Senate | |
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| Assemblies of Citizens | |
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| Roman Assemblies | |
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| The City, Its Gods, and Its Priests | |
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| The Roman Games (Dionysius of Halicarnassus) | |
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| Roman Dominance in Italy | |
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| Warfare and the Civic Order | |
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| Rome in Latium and Campania | |
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| The Expansion of Roman Dominance | |
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| War and the Roman State | |
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| The Beginnings of a Mediterranean Empire | |
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| The Nobility and the City of Rome | |
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| Triumph of Scipio Africanus (Appian) | |
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| Wars with Carthage | |
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| First Punic War (264-241) | |
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| Second Punic War (218-201) | |
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| Romans Vow a "Sacred Spring" (Livy) | |
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| A Mediterranean Empire | |
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| Governors, Provinces, and Empire | |
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| Spain | |
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| Greece and Asia Minor | |
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| Slave Trade on Delos (Strabo) | |
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| North Africa | |
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| Italy and Empire | |
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| Senators, Officials, and Citizen Assemblies | |
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| Italy and the Consequences of Empire | |
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| Changing Relations Between Rome, Its Municipia, and Allies | |
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| Roman and Italian Elites | |
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| Scipio Africanus' Army Loots Carthago Nova (Polybius) | |
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| Demographic and Economic Changes | |
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| Roman Politics from the Mid-Second Century | |
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| Scipio Aemilianus | |
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| Tiberius Gracchus | |
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| Gaius Gracchus | |
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| Italy Threatened, Enfranchised, Divided | |
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| War with Jugurtha (112-105) | |
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| Italy Threatened from the North (113-101) | |
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| Changes in the Roman Army | |
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| Marius' Career in Roman Politics | |
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| Marius' Bid for the Consulship (Sallust) | |
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| Sixth Consulship of Marius and Second Tribunate of Saturninus (100) | |
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| Administration of the Provinces | |
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| Tribunate of Livius Drusus (91) | |
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| Social War (91-87) | |
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| Tribunate of Sulpicius Rufus (88) | |
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| Sulla's First March on Rome (88) | |
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| Cinna's Rule (87-84) | |
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| Sulla's Second March on Rome (83-82) | |
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| The Domination of Sulla and Its Legacy | |
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| Sulla's Proscriptions (82-81) | |
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| Sulla the Dictator and His Program (82-81) | |
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| Verdicts on Sulla's Program | |
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| Cicero's Defense of Sextus Roscius | |
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| Lepidus' Rising and Its Aftermath (78-77) | |
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| Challenge from Sertorius in Spain (80-73) | |
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| Spartacus' Slave Revolt (73-71) | |
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| Consulship of Crassus and Pompey (70) | |
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| Roman Women | |
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| Pompey Frees the Mediterranean of Pirates (67) | |
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| Threat from King Mithridates VI of Pontus | |
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| Sulla's Campaign Against Mithridates (87-85) | |
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| Lucullus' Struggle with Mithridates (74-67) | |
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| Pompey's Defeat of Mithridates (66-63) | |
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| Roles of Crassus and Cicero in Rome (65-63) | |
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| Catiline's Rising (63-62) | |
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| End of the Republic: Caesar's Dictatorship | |
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| Pompey's Return from the East (62) | |
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| Pompey and Political Stalemate in Rome | |
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| Partnership of Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar | |
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| Caesar's First Consulship (59) | |
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| Clodius' Tribunate (58) | |
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| Cicero's Recall and the Renewal of the Triumvirate (57-56) | |
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| Caesar's Campaigns in Gaul (58-51) | |
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| Death of Clodius and Pompey's Sole Consulship (52) | |
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| Prospect of Civil War (51-49) | |
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| Causes and Consequences of Caesar Crossing the Rubicon (January 49) | |
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| Civil War Campaigns (49-45) | |
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| Caesar's Activity as Dictator (49-44) | |
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| Caesar's Impact upon the City of Rome | |
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| Political Prospects for Rome and for Caesar | |
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| Augustus and the Transformation of the Roman World | |
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| Reactions to the Assassination of Caesar (44-43) | |
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| Emergence of a Second Triumvirate (43) | |
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| Battle of Philippi (42) | |
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| Perusine War (41-40) | |
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| Elimination of Sextus Pompey and Lepidus (39-36) | |
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| Laudatio Turiae | |
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| Antony in the East (42 onwards) | |
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| Clash Between Antony and Octavian (36-30) | |
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| Octavian as Sole Ruler (30 onwards) | |
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| "The Republic Restored" | |
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| Second Settlement (23) | |
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| Succession | |
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| The Julio-Claudian Family | |
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| Senate and Equites | |
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| Army | |
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| Oath of Loyalty | |
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| The Empire and Its Expansion | |
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| City of Rome | |
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| Attitudes Outside Rome | |
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| Augustus: Final Assessment | |
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| The Early Principate (A.D. 14-69): The Julio-Claudians, the Civil War of 68-69, and Life in the Early Empire | |
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| The Julio-Claudian Emperors: Civil Government and Military Concerns | |
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| Tiberius (14-37) | |
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| Gaius (Caligula) (37-41) | |
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| Claudius (41-54) | |
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| Nero (54-68) | |
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| Civil War in 68-69 | |
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| Economic and Social Change: Army | |
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| "Beneficial Ideology" | |
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| Cities and Provinces | |
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| Diversity: Women, Local Languages, and Culture | |
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| Religious Practices and Principles | |
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| Imperial Cult | |
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| Military Expansion and Its Limits: the Empire and the Provinces (69-138) | |
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| Institutionalization of the Principate | |
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| Vespasian (69-79) | |
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| Titus (79-81) | |
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| Domitian (81-96) | |
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| A New, Better Era? | |
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| Nerva (96-98) | |
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| Trajan (98-117) | |
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| The Antonine Family | |
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| Hadrian (117-138) | |
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| Hadrian Inspects Troops at Lambaesis, Numidia | |
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| Roman Cities and the Empire's Peoples | |
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| Theaters and Processions | |
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| Circuses and Chariot Racing | |
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| The Amphitheater and Gladiatorial Games | |
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| Other Urban Amenities and Education | |
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| Italy and the Provinces: Civil and Military Affairs (138-235) | |
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| Antoninus Pius (138-161) | |
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| A Greek Provincial Praises Roman Citizenship | |
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| Marcus Aurelius (161-180) and Lucius Verus (161-169) | |
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| Commodus (176-192, Sole Augustus after 180) | |
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| The Severan Family | |
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| Septimius Severus (193-211) | |
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| Caracalla (198-217, Sole Augustus after 211) | |
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| Macrinus (217-218) | |
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| Elagabalus (218-222) | |
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| Severus Alexander (222-235) | |
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| Roman Law | |
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| Roman Citizenship | |
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| Grant of Roman Citizenship (Tabula Banasitana) | |
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| Rome and Christianity | |
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| Pliny, Trajan, and Christians | |
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| The Third and Fourth Centuries: Changes and Continuities | |
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| Mid-Third Century | |
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| Aurelian (270-275), Diocletian, and the Tetrarchy (284-305) | |
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| Administrative, Military, and Religious Reforms of the Tetrarchy | |
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| Dissolution of the Tetrarchy (305-313) and the Rise of Constantine (306-324) | |
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| Constantine and the Empire | |
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| Cultural Aspects of the Fourth Century | |
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| Political and Military Changes | |
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| Timeline | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Art Credits | |
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| Index | |
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| Gazetteer | |