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Preface | |
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Philosophy | |
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Objectives | |
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Introduction | |
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Subfields of Philosophy | |
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Open and Closed Questions | |
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What It's Most Reasonable to Believe | |
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Evaluating Arguments | |
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Facts and Theories | |
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Two Principal Philosophical Questions | |
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Questions for Discussion and Review | |
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Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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God and Philosophy | |
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Objectives | |
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Introduction | |
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The Concept of God | |
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Arguments for God's Existence | |
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An Argument Against God's Existence: The Argument from Evil | |
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Faith | |
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Experiencing God's Presence | |
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Religious Belief | |
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Franklin's Religious Principles from His Autobiography | |
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Gahndi's Political Principles | |
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Questions for Discussion and Review | |
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Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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Body and Mind | |
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Objectives | |
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Life | |
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Soul as the Explanation of Life | |
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Physical Explanations of Life | |
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Mind as the Explanation of Consciousness | |
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Minds | |
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Descartes' Argument for Dualism | |
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Problems for Descartes | |
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Physicalism | |
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Identity Theories | |
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Conclusions | |
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Phaedo | |
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Questions for Discussion and Review | |
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Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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Personal Immortality and Personal Identity | |
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Objectives | |
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Introduction | |
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Death and Other Happenings | |
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What Role Do Our Bodies Play in Personal Identity? | |
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Same Psychological Essence | |
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How the Self Depends on the Body | |
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Identifying and Reidentifying People | |
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Dualism, Personal Identity, and Existence After Death | |
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The Doctrine of No-Soul: Anatta | |
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Questions for Discussion and Review | |
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Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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Freedom and Determinism | |
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Objectives | |
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Introduction | |
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Causality and Personal Identity | |
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Causality and Determinism | |
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Determinism | |
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Determinism and Human Freedom | |
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Soft Determinism/Compatibilism | |
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Reasons and Causes | |
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Probalistic Causality? | |
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What Difference Does It Make Whether We Are Free? | |
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Fatalism | |
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Borderline Cases | |
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An Essay Concerning Human Understanding | |
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The Delusion of Free Will | |
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Existentialism | |
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Questions for Discussion and Review | |
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Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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Knowledge, Truth, and Justification | |
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Objectives | |
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Introduction | |
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It's Only a Belief | |
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Belief and Truth | |
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Three Requirements for Knowledge | |
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Justification | |
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Reasons | |
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Self-Knowledge: Beliefs About Our Own Mental States | |
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Alternatives to Perception | |
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Basic Justifiers | |
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On the Value of Scepticism | |
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Questions for Discussion and Review | |
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Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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Knowledge and Skepticism | |
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Objectives | |
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Introduction | |
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Evaluating the Skeptic's Argument | |
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A Strong and Weak Sense of Know | |
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Perception, Observation, and Induction | |
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Observation and Causal Generalizations | |
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The Virtue of Skepticism | |
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Meditations on the First Philosophy | |
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An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding | |
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Questions for Discussion and Review | |
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Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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Morality | |
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Objectives | |
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Introduction | |
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Moral Objectivism | |
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Moral Nonobjectivism | |
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The Divine Command Theory of Morality | |
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Nonobjectivist Moral Theories | |
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Moral Egoism | |
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The Confessions | |
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Laws Concerning Character Traits | |
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The Teachings of the Compassionate Buddha | |
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The Virtue of Compassion | |
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Republic | |
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Questions for Discussion and Review | |
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Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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Moral Justification | |
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Objective | |
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Introduction | |
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Moral Justification | |
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Evaluating Nonmoral Reasons (Premises) | |
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Evaluating Moral Principles | |
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Reflective Equilibrium | |
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Moral Belief and Action | |
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Why Be Moral? The Challenge of Amoralism | |
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The Object of Morality | |
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Questions for Discussion and Review | |
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Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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Two Theories of Right and Wrong | |
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Objectives | |
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Introduction | |
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Consequentialism | |
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Utilitarianism | |
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Kantian Moral Theory | |
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Utilitarianism | |
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Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals | |
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Questions for Discussion and Review | |
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Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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Justice and Rights | |
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Objectives | |
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Introduction | |
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Aristotle's Conception of Justice: Treating Equals Equally | |
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Justice and Relevant Differences | |
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Leviathan | |
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Manifesto of the Communist Party | |
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Justice, Gender, and the Family | |
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Questions for Discussion and Review | |
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Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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Liberty and Democracy | |
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Objectives | |
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Introduction | |
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Liberty | |
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Is Democracy the Best Form of Government? | |
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The Kind of Liberty Offered to Men at the End of the Last Century | |
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The Social Contract | |
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Questions for Discussion and Review | |
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Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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Reading Philosophy | |
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Writing a Philosophy Paper | |
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Glossary/Index | |