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| Introduction | |
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| Theories of Brain Function | |
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| The Brain in Antiquity | |
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| Head Injuries in Early Hominids | |
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| Trepanation | |
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| Egyptian Medical Records | |
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| Illness and Mythology in Ancient Egypt | |
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| Mesopotamian Medicine | |
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| Ancient India | |
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| Ancient China | |
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| The Greek Elements and the Hippocratic Revolution | |
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| The Heart or the Head? | |
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| Galen and the Brain | |
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| Changing Concepts of Brain Function | |
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| Ventricular Localization | |
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| The Middle Ages | |
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| The Renaissance | |
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| Willis and His Contemporaries | |
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| Cartesian Mechanics and the Brain | |
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| The Eighteenth Century | |
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| The Discovery of the Respiratory Center | |
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| The Bell-Magendie Law | |
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| Some Remarkable Premonitions | |
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| The Era of Cortical Localization | |
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| Gall and Phrenology | |
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| The Reaction against Phrenology | |
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| Speech and the Frontal Lobe | |
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| Experimental Confirmation of a Motor Cortex | |
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| Ferrier's Experiments | |
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| Electrophysiological Recordings | |
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| Cytoarchitectonics | |
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| "Neuron Doctrine" and Localization | |
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| Holism and the Critics of Cortical Localization | |
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| Cortical Equipotentiality and the Challenge from Phrenology | |
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| Challenges in the Post-Broca Era | |
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| Nerve Nets and Holistic Function | |
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| The Brain According to Goltz | |
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| Localization for Some But Not All Functions | |
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| Matters of Logic | |
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| Holism and the Gestalt Movement | |
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| The Holism of Monakow and Head | |
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| Franz and the American School | |
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| Lashley's Experiments and Theories | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Sensory Systems | |
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| Vision: From Antiquity through the Renaissance | |
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| Visual Disturbances in Ancient Egypt | |
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| Assyro-Babylonian Ophthalmology | |
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| Ancient India | |
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| Greek Anatomy and Metaphysical Theories of Vision | |
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| Roman Theories of Vision | |
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| Arabic Cultures | |
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| Renaissance Optics and Physiology | |
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| Post-Renaissance Visual Anatomy and Physiology | |
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| The Discovery of the Blind Spot | |
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| Leeuwenhoek's Microscopy of the Retina | |
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| The Projections of the Optic Nerve in the Seventeenth Century | |
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| Some Eighteenth-Century Advances | |
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| The Discovery of the Stripe of Gennari | |
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| Rods, Cones, and Duplicity Theory | |
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| Boll's Discovery of Rhodopsin | |
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| Further Studies of Retinal Structure | |
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| The Optic Chiasma | |
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| Brainstem Terminations of the Retinal Projections | |
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| Early Hints of an Occipital Cortical Region for Vision | |
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| Ferrier's Studies with Monkeys | |
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| Munk's "Discovery" of the Visual Cortex | |
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| The Experimentalist Response to Munk's Ideas | |
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| Myelination and the Visual Area | |
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| Clinical Confirmation of the Occipital Localization | |
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| The Birth of Visual Electrophysiology | |
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| The Parastriate and Peristriate Areas | |
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| Some Unanswered Questions | |
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| Color Vision | |
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| Newton's Theory of Light | |
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| Color Vision in the Eighteenth Century | |
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| Early Descriptions of Color Blindness | |
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| Young's Trichromatic Theory | |
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| Helmholtz's Modifications of the Young Theory | |
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| The Color Science of Goethe | |
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| Purkyne and the Goethe Tradition | |
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| Hering and His Opponent Process Theory | |
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| Modifications by Ladd-Franklin and Donders | |
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| Phrenology, the Cerebral Cortex, and Color | |
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| Cortical Color Blindness | |
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| The Ear and Theories of Hearing | |
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| Greek Acoustics and the Implanted Air Theory | |
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| Roman Auditory Anatomy and Physiology | |
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| The Renaissance | |
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| The Seventeenth Century | |
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| The Eighteenth Century | |
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| Nineteenth-Century Physiology | |
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| Nineteenth-Century Anatomical Advances | |
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| Helmholtz and His Resonance Theory | |
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| Place Theories after Helmholtz | |
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| Pathology and Place Theories of Hearing | |
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| Frequency Theories | |
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| Auditory Electrophysiology and Theories of Hearing | |
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| Audition and the Central Nervous System | |
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| The Cochlear Nuclei | |
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| The Superior Olivary Complex | |
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| The Inferior Colliculus: A Reflex Center? | |
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| The Medial Geniculate Body | |
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| Ferrier and the Discovery of the Auditory Cortex | |
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| The Great Debate | |
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| Three Competing Theories | |
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| Auditory Auras | |
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| Cortical Deafness in Humans | |
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| More Contemporary Lesion Studies | |
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| Multiple Cortical Areas and Their Organization | |
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| The Cutaneous Senses | |
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| Cutaneous Sensation: One Sense or Many? | |
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| Weber's Psychophysical Studies | |
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| The Law of Specific Nerve Energies | |
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| Sensory Spots on the Skin | |
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| Specific End Organs for Cutaneous Sensation | |
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| Peripheral Nerve | |
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| The Peripheral Nerve and Illusory Sensations | |
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| Dermatomes | |
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| Spinal Cord and Brainstem Projections | |
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| Somatosensory Cortex: Lesions in Laboratory Animals | |
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| Lesions Involving the Postcentral Gyrus in Humans | |
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| Astereognosis | |
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| Stimulation and Epilepsy of the Human Parietal Cortex | |
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| Pain | |
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| Pain as Penalty | |
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| Atoms, Humors, and Pain | |
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| Multiple Theories of Pain | |
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| Limiting the Definition of Pain | |
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| Sensory Spots and Receptors for Pain | |
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| Double Pain | |
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| Phantom Limbs | |
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| Causalgia | |
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| Spinal Pathways: Early Nineteenth-Century Studies | |
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| Brown-Sequard's Experiments on the Spinal Cord | |
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| Schiff's Two Projection Systems | |
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| The Cases of Gowers and Spiller | |
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| Attempts to Treat Pain by Cutting Nerves and Tracts | |
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| Thalamic Syndrome | |
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| Gate Control Theory | |
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| Cerebral Cortex | |
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| Early Anesthetics | |
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| The Surgical Use of Nitrous Oxide | |
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| The Surgical Use of Ether | |
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| Gustation | |
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| Early Conceptions of Taste | |
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| Basic Tastes | |
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| Chemistry of the Primaries | |
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| The Tongue as the Organ for Taste | |
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| Differential Sensitivity of the Tongue | |
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| Specificity of the Papillae | |
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| Taste Buds | |
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| Development and Degeneration of the Papillae and Taste Buds | |
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| Vibration as a Mechanism of Receptor Activation | |
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| Cranial Nerves | |
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| Central Projections | |
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| Cortical Lesions: Laboratory Animal Experiments | |
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| Gustatory Cortex: Human Clinical Data | |
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| Taste Psychophysics | |
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| Henning's Taste Tetrahedron | |
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| Control over the Stimulus and Testing Procedures | |
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| Electrical Tastes | |
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| Olfaction | |
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| Early History | |
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| From the Renaissance to Haller | |
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| Putrefaction, Aromatics, and Olfaction | |
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| Changing Nineteenth-Century Orientations to Olfaction | |
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| Olfactory Primaries | |
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| The Adequate Stimulus | |
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| Olfactory Receptors | |
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| Air Currents and Receptor Activation | |
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| Olfactory Nerve and Bulb | |
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| Central Projections | |
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| Case Studies of the Limbic Lobe and the Cerebral Cortex | |
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| Forebrain Lesions in Laboratory Animals | |
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| The Anosmias | |
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| Zwaardemaker and Olfactory Psychophysics | |
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| A Myriad of Techniques of Olfactometry | |
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| Henning's Prism | |
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| A Degenerating Sensory System? | |
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| Motor Functions | |
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| The Pyramidal System and the Motor Cortex | |
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| Early Observations | |
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| Movement and the Cerebral Hemispheres before the Nineteenth Century | |
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| The Cerebral Hemispheres in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century | |
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| Jackson and the Motor Cortex Concept | |
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| Fritsch and Hitzig's Discovery | |
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| Ferrier and the Motor Cortex | |
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| Electrophysiology and the Boundaries of the Motor Cortex | |
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| The Corticospinal Tract | |
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| Voluntary Action and the Motor Cortex | |
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| Cutaneous Sensation and the Motor Cortex | |
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| The Motor Cortex and the Kinesthetic Sense | |
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| The Frontal Eye Fields | |
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| Motor versus Premotor Cortex Functions | |
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| The Cerebellum and the Corpus Striatum | |
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| The Cerebellum | |
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| The Cerebellum through the Renaissance | |
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| Thomas Willis and His Influence | |
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| Competing Ideas in the Post-Willis Period | |
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| Rolando, Flourens, and Magendie | |
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| The Cerebellum Early in the Twentieth Century | |
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| The Corpus Striatum | |
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| Defining the Corpus Striatum | |
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| Early Ideas about the Corpus Striatum | |
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| The Corpus Striatum through the First Half of the Nineteenth Century | |
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| The Impact of the Discovery of the Motor Cortex | |
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| Infrahuman Primate Studies in the First Half of the Twentieth Century | |
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| Some Movement Disorders | |
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| Ergot Poisoning | |
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| Sydenham's Chorea | |
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| Parkinson's Disease | |
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| Huntington's Chorea | |
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| Athetosis | |
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| Tourette's Syndrome | |
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| The Strange Case of Samuel Johnson | |
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| Sleep and Emotion | |
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| The Process of Sleep | |
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| Greco-Roman Theories of Sleep | |
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| Sleep in the "Prescientific Era" | |
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| Measuring the Depth of Sleep | |
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| Sleep Deprivation in Humans | |
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| Sleep Deprivation in Animals | |
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| The Ability to Wake at Expected Times | |
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| A Plethora of Sleep Theories | |
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| Blood Flow and Anemia Theories | |
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| Chemical Theories | |
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| Deafferentation Theories | |
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| Evolutionary Theories | |
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| African Sleeping Sickness | |
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| Narcolepsy | |
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| The Nature of Dreaming | |
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| Ancient Egypt | |
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| Early Eastern, Biblical, and Spiritual Approaches to Dreaming | |
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| Greek Mythology and Medicine | |
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| Dreaming in Ancient Rome | |
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| From Church Doctrine through the Eighteenth Century | |
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| Dream Frequency | |
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| Stimulation and Dream Content | |
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| Dreaming among the Blind | |
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| Dreaming and Cerebral Dominance | |
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| Dreaming, the Unconscious, and Psychoanalysis | |
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| Eye Movements and Dreaming | |
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| Theories of Emotion from Democritus to William James | |
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| The Classical Period | |
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| Theories of Emotion in the Post-Renaissance Period | |
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| Bichat's Theories | |
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| The Muscles of Facial Expression | |
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| Darwin on Emotion | |
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| Darwin's Impact: Passion versus Reason | |
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| The Frontal Lobes and Emotion in Humans | |
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| The Frontal Lobes and Emotion in Animals | |
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| The James-Lange Theory | |
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| Criticisms of the James-Lange Theory | |
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| Defining and Controlling the Circuits of Emotion | |
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| The Early Concept of Sympathy and the Autonomic Nervous System | |
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| Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Systems | |
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| The Hypothalamus and Emotional Expression | |
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| The Great Limbic Lobe of Broca | |
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| The Papez Limbic System | |
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| The Kluver-Bucy Syndrome | |
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| Expansion of the Limbic System Concept | |
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| Early Psychosurgical Interventions for "Emotional" Disorders | |
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| Moniz and Prefrontal Leucotomy | |
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| The Rise and Fall of Prefrontal Lobotomy | |
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| Intellect and Memory | |
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| Intellect and the Brain | |
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| Brain Size and Intellect | |
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| European Science and the Family of Man | |
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| Brain Size, Race, and Intellect in America | |
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| Mental Deficiency as an Atavistic Feature | |
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| Gender Differences | |
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| Criminality and the Apish Brain | |
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| Interpretive Dilemmas | |
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| The Call for the Best Brains | |
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| The Brains of the Elite | |
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| The Growing Concept of Association Cortex | |
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| Anthropology and the Frontal Association Areas | |
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| The Need for Objective Measures of Intelligence | |
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| From Craniometry to IQ | |
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| The Frontal Lobes and Intellect | |
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| The Frontal Cortex Defined and Divided | |
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| The Frontal Lobes in the Prescientific Era | |
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| Early Descriptions of Frontal Lobe Injuries and Tumors | |
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| From Swedenborg to Phrenology | |
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| Comparative Anatomy, Tumors, and Injuries before 1861 | |
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| Hitzig's Experiments | |
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| Ferrier's Monkeys | |
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| Bianchi's Observations and Theories | |
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| Other Opinions from the Experimentalists | |
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| The Tumor Literature in the Era of Localization | |
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| The Brickner Case | |
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| Acute Frontal Lobe Damage in Humans | |
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| Pick's Disease | |
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| The Critics Speak Out | |
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| The Nature of the Memory Trace | |
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| Birdhouses and Wax Tablets in the Greco-Roman Period | |
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| Aristotle and the Laws of Association | |
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| Ventricular Localization of Memory | |
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| The Cultivation of Memory in the Middle Ages | |
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| Cartesian Mechanical Models of Memory | |
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| Willis on the Cerebrum | |
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| Hartley and the Associationists | |
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| Later Vibration Theories | |
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| Organic Memory: Another Questionable Theory | |
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| The Birth of Memory Science | |
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| Changes at the Synapse | |
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| Drainage and Irradiation Theories | |
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| Franz and Lashley | |
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| Pattern Theories | |
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| The Delayed Response Problem | |
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| Progress? | |
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| The Neuropathology of Memory | |
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| Early Descriptions of the Dementias | |
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| Alzheimer's Disease | |
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| Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease | |
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| Korsakoff's Psychosis | |
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| Wernicke's Encephalopathy and Korsakoff's Psychosis | |
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| The Lesions in Korsakoff's Syndrome | |
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| Avitaminosis | |
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| The Temporal Lobes and the Hippocampus | |
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| Speech and Cerebral Dominance | |
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| Speech and Language | |
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| Early Descriptions of Loss of Speech | |
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| The Greco-Roman Period | |
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| From the Dark Ages through the Renaissance | |
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| The Seventeenth Century | |
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| The Eighteenth Century | |
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| Aphasia and Phrenology | |
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| Bouillaud and Localization Theory | |
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| Broca and the Revolution of 1861 | |
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| Broca's Later Observations | |
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| The British Neurologists | |
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| Wernicke and the Circuitry of Language | |
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| German and Austrian Functional Approaches | |
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| The Search for the True Reality | |
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| The Emergence of the Concept of Cerebral Dominance | |
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| An Ancient Greek Theory of Brain Laterality | |
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| Mainstream Greek and Roman Science | |
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| The Symmetrical Brain and the Mind-Body Problem | |
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| Hemispheric Balance in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century | |
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| Mental Illness and Hemispheric Dysfunction | |
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| Clinical Reports on Aphasia in the Period before Broca | |
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| The Marc Dax Manuscript of 1836 | |
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| Broca's Case for Dominance | |
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| Wernicke's Impact | |
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| Jackson's Case for the Right Hemisphere | |
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| The Search for Anatomical Correlates of Cerebral Dominance | |
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| Theories of Personality, Emotion, and Insanity | |
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| Movements to Educate the Two Hemispheres | |
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| Expansion of the Concept of Cerebral Dominance | |
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| Acquired Alexia | |
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| Developmental Dyslexia | |
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| Prosopagnosia | |
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| One or Many Spatial Disorders? | |
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| Liepmann's Apraxias | |
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| Constructional Apraxia | |
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| Denial of Illness | |
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| Unilateral Inattention and Neglect | |
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| The Gerstmann "Syndrome" | |
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| The Corpus Callosum Rediscovered | |
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| Treatments and Therapies | |
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| Treatments and Therapies: From Antiquity through the Seventeenth Century | |
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| Ancient Egypt | |
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| Assyria | |
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| Ancient Greece | |
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| Ancient Rome | |
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| Mithridates and Universal Cure-Alls | |
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| Arabic Medicine before the Renaissance | |
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| Cures during the Pre-Renaissance Period in Europe | |
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| The Renaissance | |
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| Seventeenth-Century Treatments | |
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| Treatments and Therapies: From 1700 to World War I | |
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| Head and Brain Injuries in the Eighteenth Century | |
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| Cupping and Leeching in the Nineteenth Century | |
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| Animal Electricity and Electrotherapy before Galvani | |
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| The Roles of Galvani and Volta | |
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| The Early 1800s: From Electrotherapy to Gothic Horror | |
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| Galvanism after 1850 | |
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| Re-Education | |
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| Measuring the Effects of Therapy | |
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| The Birth of "Modern" Neurosurgery | |
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| Epilogue | |
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| Dates of Birth and Death | |
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| Index | |