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| Preface | |
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| Abbreviations | |
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| Credits | |
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| Cosmic Origins | |
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| Creations. Genesis 1-3 | |
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| The Book of Genesis | |
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| Genesis 1 and the Sabbath | |
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| Box 1.1 Chapter and Verse | |
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| Box 1.2 Genesis and Science | |
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| Box 1.3 The Sabbath in Jewish and Christian Tradition | |
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| The Second Account of Creation (Gen 2.4b-3.24) | |
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| Box 1.4 Myth and the Bible | |
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| Box 1.5 The Garden of Eden | |
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| Box 1.6 ""God"" and ""the Lord (God)"" | |
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| Retrospect and Prospect | |
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| Box 1.7 Adam and Eve in Jewish and Christian Tradition | |
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| The Formation of the Pentateuch | |
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| The Traditional View | |
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| The Development of Modern Interpretation | |
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| A Summary of the Documentary Hypothesis | |
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| Challenges to the Documentary Hypothesis | |
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| The Formation of the Pentateuch | |
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| Other Strategies for Interpreting the Pentateuch | |
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| Retrospect and Prospect | |
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| Primeval History. Genesis 4-11 | |
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| J (the Yahwist Source) | |
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| Box 3.1 Cain and Abel | |
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| Box 3.2 Noah's Drunkenness | |
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| Box 3.3 The Sons of God | |
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| Box 3.4 The Tower of Babel | |
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| P (the Priestly Source) | |
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| Box 3.5 The Table of Nations | |
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| Box 3.6 Enoch | |
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| The Flood | |
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| Retrospect and Prospect | |
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| National Origins | |
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| The Promised Land: Geography, History, and Ideology | |
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| Geography | |
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| History | |
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| Box 4.1 Timeline | |
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| Ideology | |
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| Box 4.2 The Land of Israel in Jewish and Christian Tradition | |
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| Retrospect and Prospect | |
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| The Ancestors of Israel. Genesis 12-50 | |
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| The Nature of the Narratives | |
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| Source Criticism | |
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| Box 5.1 Abram and Abraham, Sarai and Sarah | |
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| Box 5.2 The Binding of Isaac | |
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| Form Criticism | |
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| Box 5.3 Circumcision | |
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| Ancient Near Eastern Parallels | |
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| Box 5.4 The Ugaritic Texts | |
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| The Joseph Narrative | |
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| The Ancestors of Israel | |
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| Box 5.5 Abraham, Father of Believers | |
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| History and the Ancestors of Israel | |
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| The Religion of the Ancestors | |
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| Retrospect and Prospect | |
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| Escape From Egypt. Exodus 1-15 | |
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| The Book of Exodus | |
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| Exodus 1-15 | |
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| Box 6.1 Hebrew and Hebrews | |
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| Box 6.2 Legends of Rescue | |
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| Box 6.3 The Divine Name Yahweh | |
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| Box 6.4 The Hardening of the Pharaoh's Heart | |
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| Box 6.5 The Development of the Passover Celebration | |
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| The Exodus and History | |
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| The Exodus and the History of Religions | |
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| Retrospect and Prospect | |
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| From Egypt To Sinai. Exodus 16-24 | |
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| Itineraries | |
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| Incidents on the Journey | |
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| Box 7.1 Manna | |
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| At Sinai | |
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| Excursus on Covenant | |
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| Box 7.2 The Location of Sinai | |
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| Box 7.3 Excerpt from a Hittite Suzerainty Treaty | |
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| The Ten Commandments | |
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| The Ratification of the Covenant | |
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| Retrospect and Prospect | |
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| Box 7.4 The Status and Numbering of the Ten Commandments | |
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| Law and Ritual. Exodus 20.22-23.33 and 25-40 | |
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| Law in the Ancient Near East | |
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| Box 8.1 Excerpt from the Code of Hammurapi | |
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| The Covenant Code (Ex 20.22-23.33) | |
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| The Ark, the Tabernacle, and the Priestly Vestments and Ordination | |
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| Box 8.2 ""An Eye for an Eye"" | |
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| The Golden Calf | |
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| Box 8.3 Forty Days and Forty Nights | |
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| The Ritual Decalogue | |
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| Box 8.4 An Ancient Hebrew Agricultural Calendar | |
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| Sequel | |
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| Retrospect and Prospect | |
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| Ritual and Holiness. Leviticus | |
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| The Book of Leviticus | |
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| Sacrifices (Lev 1-7) | |
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| The Consecration Ceremonies and Their Aftermath (Lev 8-10) | |
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| Purity and Impurity (Lev 11-15) | |
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| The Day of Atonement | |
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| The Holiness Code | |
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| Box 9.1 Anointing | |
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| Box 9.2 Capital Punishment | |
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| Excursus on Women in Israelite Ritual and Law | |
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| The Ethics of Leviticus | |
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| Retrospect and Prospect | |
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| In the Wilderness. Numbers | |
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| The Book of Numbers | |
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| Preparations for the Journey | |
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| Law, Ritual, and Purity | |
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| The Chronology and Geography of the Wanderings | |
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| Rebellions in the Wilderness | |
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| Box 10.1 The Rebellions of the Israelites in Christian and Muslim Scriptures | |
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| Box 10.2 Miriam | |
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| Box 10.3 The Amalekites | |
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| Opposition on the Journey | |
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| Box 10.4 Excerpt from the Deir Alla Texts | |
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| Preparations for the Entry into the Land | |
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| Retrospect and Prospect | |
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| The End of the Journey to the Promised Land. Deuteronomy | |
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| The Book of Deuteronomy | |
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| Box 11.1 The Shema | |
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| The Origins of Deuteronomy | |
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| Box 11.2 Parallel Curses in the Treaties of Esarhaddon and in Deuteronomy | |
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| The Deuteronomic School | |
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| Excursus on the Character and Personality of Moses | |
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| Box 11.3 The Meanings of ""Torah"" | |
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| Retrospect and Prospect | |
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| Joshua and the Conquest of the Land of Canaan. Joshua | |
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| The Former Prophets | |
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| The Deuteronomistic History | |
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| The Book of Joshua | |
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| Box 12.1 Parallels between Deuteronomy 27 and Joshua 8 | |
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| Box 12.2 Shechem in Biblical Tradition | |
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| Box 12.3 Circumcision a Second Time? | |
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| Retrospect and Prospect | |
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| The Emergence of Israel in the Land of Canaan. Judges and Ruth | |
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| The Book of Judges | |
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| Box 13.1 The Moabites and the Ammonites | |
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| Box 13.2 The Song of Deborah | |
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| Box 13.3 The Philistines | |
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| History and the Israelite Confederation | |
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| The Book of Ruth | |
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| Retrospect and Prospect | |
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| Kings and Prophets | |
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| The Establishment of the Monarchy. 1 Samuel | |
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| The Book(s) of Samuel | |
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| Samuel | |
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| Box 14.1 Samuel in Other Traditions | |
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| Box 14.2 Positive Assessments of Saul | |
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| History | |
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| Retrospect and Prospect | |
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| The Reign of David. 2 Samuel, 1 Kings 1-2, and Psalm 132 | |
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| Samuel | |
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| Box 15.1 David's Compositions | |
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| Box 15.2 Jerusalem | |
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| Retrospect and Prospect | |
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| Box 15.3 Psalm 132 | |
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| The Reign of Solomon. 1 Kings 1-11 and Psalm 89 | |
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| The Books of Kings | |
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| Kings 1-11 | |
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| Box 16.1 Solomon in Later Tradition | |
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| Box 16.2 The ""Royal Psalms"" | |
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| Excursus: The Ideology of the Davidic Monarchy | |
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| Box 16.3 The Psalms of Zion | |
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| Box 16.4 The Royal Ideology in Later Traditions | |
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| Retrospect and Prospect | |
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| The Divided Kingdoms of Israel and Judah From the Late Tenth to the Early Eighth Centuries Bce. 1 Kings 12-2 Kings 14 | |
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| History | |
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| Box 17.1 Chronology of Kings of Israel and Judah Late Tenth to Mid-Eighth Centuries BCE | |
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| Institutions and Society | |
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| Excursus on Prophecy | |
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| Box 17.2 Prophets in Later Traditions | |
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| The Legends of Elijah and Elisha | |
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| Box 17.3 Elijah in Later Tradition | |
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| Retrospect and Prospect | |
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| The Northern Kingdom of Israel in the Eighth Century BCE. 2 Kings 14-17, Amos, and Hosea | |
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| History | |
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| Box 18.1 Chronology of the Eighth Century BCE | |
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| Prophetic Books and ""Classical"" Prophecy | |
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| Amos | |
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| Box 18.2 The Day of the Lord | |
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| Hosea | |
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| Box 18.3 Prophetic Attacks on Rituals | |
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| Box 18.4 Marriage in Ancient Israel | |
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| Box 18.5 God as Parent: Father or Mother? | |
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| Retrospect and Prospect | |
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| The Kingdom of Judah in the Eighth and Early Seventh Centuries BCE. 2 Kings 15-20, 2 Chronicles 29-32, Isaiah 1-39, and Micah | |
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| History | |
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| Box 19.1 Chronology of the Eighth and Seventh Centuries BCE | |
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| The Reign of Hezekiah | |
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| Isaiah | |
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| Box 19.2 Isaiah in Later Tradition | |
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| The Siege of Jerusalem in 734 BCE | |
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| Box 19.3 The Identity of Immanuel | |
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| Box 19.4 Sennacherib's Third Campaign (701 BCE) according to the Assyrian Annals | |
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| The Assyrian Invasion of Judah in 701 BCE | |
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| Box 19.5 Hezekiah's Tunnel | |
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| Micah | |
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| Box 19.6 The King from Bethlehem | |
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| Retrospect and Prospect | |
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| Judah in the Seventh Century Bce: The End of Assyrian Domination. 2 Kings 21-23, 2 Chronicles 33-35, Zephaniah, Nahum, and the Prayer of Manasseh | |
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| History | |
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| Box 20.1 Chronology of the Seventh Century BCE | |
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| The Reign of Manasseh | |
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| Box 20.2 Ashurbanipal's Library | |
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| The Reign of Josiah | |
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| The Book of Zephaniah | |
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| Box 20.3 Megiddo and Armageddon | |
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| The Book of Nahum | |
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| Retrospect and Prospect | |
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| The Fall of Jerusalem. 2 Kings 23.31-25.30, 2 Chronicles 36, Habakkuk, Jeremiah, and the Letter of Jeremiah | |
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| History | |
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| Box 21.1 Chronology of the Late Seventh and Early Sixth Centuries BCE | |
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| Box 21.2 Throne Names of Kings of Judah | |
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| The Book of Habakkuk | |
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| Jeremiah | |
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| Box 21.3 Jeremiah in Postbiblical Tradition | |
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| Box 21.4 Parallels between Psalms and Jeremiah's Confessions | |
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| Box 21.5 Jeremiah and the History of Bookmaking | |
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| Retrospect and Prospect | |
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| Exile and Return | |
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| After The Fall: Jews in Judah and Babylon. Lamentations, Psalm 137, Obadiah, and Ezekiel | |
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| History | |
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| The Book of Lamentations | |
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| Box 22.1 Acrostic Poems | |
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| The Jews in Babylonia | |
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| Box 22.2 Nebuchadrezzar's Wonders | |
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| Psalm 137 | |
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| Obadiah | |
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| Ezekiel | |
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| Box 22.3 Yahweh as Violent Spouse | |
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| Box 22.4 Leadership in the Restored Community | |
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| Box 22.5 Gog of Magog | |
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| Retrospect and Prospect | |
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| Return From Exile. Ezra 1-2 and Isaiah 34-35 and 40-55 | |
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| History | |
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| Box 23.1 Chronology of the Sixth Century BCE | |
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| The Priestly Source of the Pentateuch | |
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| The Exilic Edition of the Deuteronomistic History | |
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| Isaiah 40-55 | |
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| Box 23.2 The Development of Monotheism | |
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| Box 23.3 Female Images of God | |
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| Retrospect and Prospect | |
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| Reconstruction and Consolidation | |
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| The Early Restoration. Ezra 3-6, 1 Esdras, Haggai, Zechariah 1-8, and Isaiah 56-66 | |
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| History | |
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| Ezra 3-6 | |
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| Box 24.1 Aramaic | |
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| Box 24.2 The Books of Esdras | |
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| The Book of Haggai | |
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| Zechariah 1-8 | |
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| Isaiah 56-66 | |
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| Retrospect and Prospect | |
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| Judah in the Fifth Century BCE. Ezra 7-10, Nehemiah, Isaiah 24-27, Zechariah 9-14, Joel, Malachi, and 2 Esdras | |
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| History | |
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| Box 25.1 Chronology of the Late Sixth to the Late Fourth Centuries BCE | |
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| The Books of Ezra and Nehemiah | |
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| Box 25.2 The Elephantine Papyri | |
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| Apocalyptic Literature | |
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| The ""Isaiah Apocalypse"" (Isa 24-27) | |
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| Zechariah 9-14 | |
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| The Book of Joel | |
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| The Book of Malachi | |
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| Box 25.3 Second Esdras | |
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| Retrospect and Prospect | |
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| History Rewritten. 1-2 Chronicles | |
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| The Books of Chronicles | |
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| Box 26.1 Samaria and the Samaritans | |
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| Box 26.2 Arrangement of the Genealogies of the Sons of Jacob (the Tribes of Israel) | |
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| Box 26.3 Comparison of 2 Samuel 24.1-9 and 1 Chronicles 21.1-7 | |
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| Retrospect and Prospect | |
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| The Consolidation of Traditions. Psalms and Proverbs | |
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| The Book of Psalms | |
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| Box 27.1 Parallelism | |
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| Box 27.2 The Forms of the Psalms | |
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| Box 27.3 Form-critical Analysis of Psalm 3 | |
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| Excursus on Music in Ancient Israel | |
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| Wisdom Literature | |
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| Box 27.4 Ahiqar and Proverbs | |
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| The Book of Proverbs | |
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| Retrospect and Prospect | |
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| Controversy and Challenge | |
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| Dissidents and Lovers. Job, Ecclesiastes, and the Song of Solomon | |
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| The Book of Job | |
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| Box 28.1 The Satan | |
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| Box 28.2 ""I Know That My Redeemer Liveth"" | |
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| Box 28.3 Behemoth and Leviathan | |
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| Box 28.4 Job's Wife and Daughters | |
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| Box 28.5 Job in Later Tradition | |
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| The Book of Ecclesiastes | |
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| Excursus on the Development of Beliefs in Life after Death in Ancient Israel | |
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| The Song of Solomon | |
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| Retrospect and Prospect | |
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| Encounters with the Greeks. 1-2 Maccabees, Baruch, Sirach, The Wisdom of Solomon, and 4 Maccabees | |
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| History | |
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| Box 29.1 Tables of Rulers | |
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| Maccabees | |
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| Box 29.2 The Dead Sea Scrolls | |
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| Box 29.3 Hanukkah | |
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| Maccabees | |
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| Baruch | |
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| The Wisdom of Jesus, Son of Sirach (also known as Ben Sira and Ecclesiasticus) | |
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| Box 29.4 Different Views of Immortality in the Hebrew and Greek Texts of Ben Sira | |
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| The Wisdom of Solomon | |
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| Box 29.5 Contrasts in the Divine Treatment of the Egyptians and the Israelites during the Exodus | |
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| Retrospect and Prospect | |
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| Box 29.6 4 Maccabees | |
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| HEROES UNDER FOREIGN RULERS. Jonah, Esther, Additions to Esther, Judith, Tobit, 3 Maccabees, Daniel, and Additions to Daniel | |
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| The Book of Jonah | |
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| The Book of Esther | |
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| Box 30.1 The Festival of Purim | |
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| The Book of Judith | |
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| Box 30.2 Widows | |
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| The Book of Tobit | |
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| Box 30.3 Angels and Demons | |
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| Maccabees | |
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| The Book of Daniel | |
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| Box 30.4 ""Son of Man"" | |
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| Box 30.5 Outline of the Visions of Successive Kingdoms in the Book of Daniel | |
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| Retrospect and Prospect | |
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| Appendix: The Canons of the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament | |
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| Chronological Chart | |
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| General Bibliography | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Index | |