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Overview | |
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Instrument Design and Selection | |
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Performance Characteristics | |
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Functional Model | |
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Sources of Error | |
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Standards | |
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Calibration | |
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Performance | |
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Exposure | |
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Procedural | |
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System Integration | |
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Instrument Platforms | |
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Communication Systems | |
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Power Source | |
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Human Aspects of Measurement | |
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Human Perception versus Sensor Measurements | |
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Reasons for Automation | |
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Design, Implementation, and Maintenance of Measurement Systems | |
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Interpretation of Sensor Specifications | |
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Interpretation of Results | |
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Human Judgment | |
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Quality Assurance | |
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Laboratory Calibrations | |
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Field Intercomparisons | |
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Data Monitoring | |
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Documentation | |
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Independent Review | |
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Publication of Data Quality Assessment | |
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Scope of this Text | |
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Questions | |
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Bibliography | |
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General Instrumentation References | |
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Barometry | |
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Atmospheric Pressure | |
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Direct Measurement of Pressure | |
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Mercury Barometers | |
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Aneroid Barometers | |
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Indirect Measurement of Pressure | |
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Boiling Point of a Liquid | |
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Comparison of Barometer Types | |
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Mercury Barometers | |
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Aneroid Barometers | |
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Hypsometer | |
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Exposure Error | |
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Laboratory Experiment | |
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Calibration of Barometers | |
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Questions | |
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Bibliography | |
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Static Performance Characteristics | |
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Some Definitions | |
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Static Calibration | |
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Definition of Terms Related to the Transfer Plot | |
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Calibration Procedure | |
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Example of a Static Calibration | |
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Multiple Sources of Error | |
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Significant Figures | |
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Questions and Problems | |
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Bibliography | |
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Thermometry | |
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Thermal Expansion | |
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Bimetallic Strip | |
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Liquid-in-Glass Thermometer | |
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Thermoelectric Sensors | |
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Electrical Resistance Sensors | |
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Resistance Temperature Detectors | |
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Thermistors | |
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Comparison of Temperature Sensors | |
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Exposure of Temperature Sensors | |
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Questions | |
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Bibliography | |
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Notes | |
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Hygrometry | |
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Water Vapor Pressure | |
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Definitions | |
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Methods for Measuring Humidity | |
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Removal of Water Vapor from Moist Air | |
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Addition of Water Vapor to Air | |
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Equilibrium Sorption of Water Vapor | |
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Measurement of Physical Properties of Moist Air | |
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Attainment of Vapor-Liquid or Vapor-Solid Equilibrium | |
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Chemical Reactions | |
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Choice of Humidity Sensor | |
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Calibration of Humidity Sensors | |
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Exposure of Humidity Sensors | |
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Questions | |
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Laboratory Exercises | |
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Bibliography | |
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Notes | |
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Dynamic Performance Characteristics, Part 1 | |
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First-Order Systems | |
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Step-Function Input | |
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Ramp Input | |
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Sinusoidal Input | |
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Experimental Determination of Dynamic Performance Parameters | |
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Application to Temperature Sensors | |
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Questions | |
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Bibliography | |
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Anemometry | |
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Methods of Measurement | |
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Wind Force | |
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Heat Dissipation | |
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Speed of Sound | |
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Calibration | |
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Exposure | |
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Wind Data Processing | |
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Questions | |
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Bibliography | |
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Dynamic Performance Characteristics, Part 2 | |
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Generalized Dynamic Performance Models | |
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Energy Storage Reservoirs | |
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Second-Order Systems | |
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Step Function Input | |
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Ramp Input | |
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Sinusoidal Input | |
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Application to Sensors | |
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Experimental Determination of Dynamic Performance Parameters | |
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Questions | |
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Bibliography | |
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Precipitation Rate | |
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Definitions | |
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Methods of Measurement | |
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Point Precipitation Measurement | |
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Radar Rain Measurement | |
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Questions | |
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Bibliography | |
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Solar and Earth Radiation | |
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Definitions | |
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Methods of Measurement | |
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Pyrheliometers | |
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Pyranometers | |
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Pyrgeometers | |
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Pyrradiometers | |
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Measurement Errors | |
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Exposure | |
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Questions | |
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Bibliography | |
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Visibility and Cloud Height | |
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Definitions | |
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Measurement of Visibility | |
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Transmissometer | |
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Forward Scatter Meters | |
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Measurement of Cloud Height | |
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Rotating Beam Ceilometer | |
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Laser Ceilometer | |
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Questions | |
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Bibliography | |
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Upper Air Measurements | |
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Methods for Making Upper Air Measurements | |
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Remote Sensing | |
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In-Situ Platforms | |
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Balloons | |
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Wind Measurement | |
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Theodolites | |
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Radar | |
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Navigation Aids | |
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Radiosondes | |
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Exposure Error | |
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Questions | |
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Bibliography | |
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Sampling and Analog-to-Digital Conversion | |
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Signal Path | |
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Drift | |
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Sampling | |
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Analog-to-Digital Conversion | |
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Information Content of a Signal | |
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Questions | |
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Bibliography | |
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Units and Constants | |
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International System of Units (SI) | |
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Numerical Values | |
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Bibliography | |
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Thermistor Circuit Analysis | |
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A Thermistor | |
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A Circuit | |
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An Alternative Calibration Equation | |
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A Data Logger | |
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The Data Logger | |
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Application in a Measurement System | |
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Circuits | |
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Fundamentals | |
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Simple Circuits | |
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Questions | |
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Geophysical Coordinate System | |
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Geophysical versus Mathematical Coordinate System | |
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Mathematical Coordinates | |
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Geophysical Coordinates | |
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Instrumentation Glossary | |
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Index | |