| |
| |
| Maps | |
| |
| |
| Figures | |
| |
| |
| Preface | |
| |
| |
| Acknowledgments | |
| |
| |
| Notes to the Reader | |
| |
| |
| |
| Early Italy | |
| |
| |
| Italy and the Mediterranean World | |
| |
| |
| The Evidence | |
| |
| |
| Italy Before the City | |
| |
| |
| The Iron Age in Etruria, Latium, and Campania | |
| |
| |
| Greeks and Phoenicians in the Central Mediterranean | |
| |
| |
| The Rise of Cities | |
| |
| |
| Beginning of Writing | |
| |
| |
| Appearance of an Elite | |
| |
| |
| Cities and Monumental Architecture | |
| |
| |
| Warfare in the Orientalizing and Archaic Periods | |
| |
| |
| Social and Economic Organization | |
| |
| |
| Greeks and Etruscans | |
| |
| |
| Greek Cities of Southern Italy and Sicily | |
| |
| |
| Etruscans | |
| |
| |
| |
| Rome's First Centuries | |
| |
| |
| Emergence of an Urban Community | |
| |
| |
| The Romans and Their Early History | |
| |
| |
| Table 2.1 Dates of Rome's Kings According to Varro | |
| |
| |
| Box 2.1 Plutarch, Romulus 11 | |
| |
| |
| Rome Under the Kings | |
| |
| |
| Rome and the Latins | |
| |
| |
| The Early Republic | |
| |
| |
| Beginning of the Republic | |
| |
| |
| Rome and Its Neighbors in the Fifth Century | |
| |
| |
| Struggle of the Orders | |
| |
| |
| |
| Rome and Italy in the Fourth Century | |
| |
| |
| Fall of Veii and the Sack of Rome | |
| |
| |
| The City and Its Institutions in the Fourth Century | |
| |
| |
| Officials | |
| |
| |
| Senate | |
| |
| |
| Assemblies of Citizens | |
| |
| |
| Box 3.1 Servius Tullius' Creation of the Census (Livy) | |
| |
| |
| Table 3.1 Roman Assemblies | |
| |
| |
| The City, Its Gods, and Its Priests | |
| |
| |
| Box 3.2 The Roman Games (Dionysius of Halicarnassus) | |
| |
| |
| Rome and Central Italy | |
| |
| |
| Warfare and the Civic Order | |
| |
| |
| Rome in Latium and Campania | |
| |
| |
| Samnite Wars | |
| |
| |
| Expansion of Roman Hegemony in Italy | |
| |
| |
| Wars in Central and Northern Italy | |
| |
| |
| Conquest of the South | |
| |
| |
| War and the Roman State | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Beginnings of a Mediterranean Empire | |
| |
| |
| Sources | |
| |
| |
| The Nobility and the City of Rome | |
| |
| |
| Box 4.1 Triumph of Scipio Africanus (Appian) | |
| |
| |
| Wars with Carthage | |
| |
| |
| First Punic War (264-241) | |
| |
| |
| Second Punic War (218-201) | |
| |
| |
| Box 4.2 Romans' Vow of 217 (Livy) | |
| |
| |
| A Mediterranean Empire | |
| |
| |
| Governors, Provinces, and Empire | |
| |
| |
| Spain | |
| |
| |
| Greece and Asia Minor | |
| |
| |
| Box 4.3 Slave Trade on Delos (Strabo) | |
| |
| |
| North Africa | |
| |
| |
| |
| Italy and Empire | |
| |
| |
| Senators, Officials, and Citizen Assemblies | |
| |
| |
| Italy and the Consequences of Empire | |
| |
| |
| Changing Relations Between Rome, Its Municipia, and Allies | |
| |
| |
| Roman and Italian Elites | |
| |
| |
| Box 5.1 Scipio Africanus' Army Loots Carthago Nova (Polybiusand Livy) | |
| |
| |
| Demographic and Economic Changes | |
| |
| |
| Roman Politics from the Mid-Second Century | |
| |
| |
| Scipio Aemilianus | |
| |
| |
| Tiberius Gracchus | |
| |
| |
| Box 5.2 The Background to Tiberius Gracchus' Land Proposal (Appian) | |
| |
| |
| Gaius Gracchus | |
| |
| |
| |
| Italy Threatened, Enfranchised, Divided | |
| |
| |
| War with Jugurtha (112-105) | |
| |
| |
| Italy Threatened from the North (113-101) | |
| |
| |
| Changes in the Roman Army | |
| |
| |
| Marius' Career in Roman Politics | |
| |
| |
| Box 6.1 Marius' Bid for the Consulship (Sallust) | |
| |
| |
| Sixth Consulship of Marius and Second Tribunate of Saturninus (100) | |
| |
| |
| Administration of the Provinces | |
| |
| |
| Tribunate of Livius Drusus (91) | |
| |
| |
| Social War (91-87) | |
| |
| |
| Tribunate of Sulpicius Rufus (88) | |
| |
| |
| Sulla's First March on Rome (88) | |
| |
| |
| Cinna's Rule (87-84) | |
| |
| |
| Sulla's Second March on Rome (83-82) | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Domination of Sulla and Its Legacy | |
| |
| |
| Sulla's Proscriptions (82-81) | |
| |
| |
| Sulla the Dictator and His Program (82-81) | |
| |
| |
| Senate | |
| |
| |
| Tribunate | |
| |
| |
| Equites, Courts | |
| |
| |
| Citizens | |
| |
| |
| Governors | |
| |
| |
| Verdicts on Sulla's Program | |
| |
| |
| Box 7.1 Cicero's Defense of Sextus Roscius | |
| |
| |
| Lepidus' Rising and Its Aftermath (78-77) | |
| |
| |
| Challenge from Sertorius in Spain (80-73) | |
| |
| |
| Box 7.2 Pompey's Letter from Spain (Sallust) | |
| |
| |
| Spartacus' Slave Revolt (73-71) | |
| |
| |
| Consulship of Crassus and Pompey (70) | |
| |
| |
| Roman Women | |
| |
| |
| Pompey Frees the Mediterranean of Pirates (67) | |
| |
| |
| Threat from King Mithridates VI of Pontus | |
| |
| |
| Sulla's Campaign Against Mithridates (87-85) | |
| |
| |
| Lucullus' Struggle with Mithridates (74-67) | |
| |
| |
| Pompey's Defeat of Mithridates (66-63) | |
| |
| |
| Roles of Crassus and Cicero in Rome (65-63) | |
| |
| |
| Catiline's Rising (63-62) | |
| |
| |
| |
| End of the Republic: Caesar's Dictatorship | |
| |
| |
| Sources | |
| |
| |
| Pompey's Return from the East (62) | |
| |
| |
| Pompey and Political Stalemate in Rome | |
| |
| |
| Partnership of Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar | |
| |
| |
| Caesar's First Consulship (59) | |
| |
| |
| Clodius' Tribunate (58) | |
| |
| |
| Cicero's Recall and the Renewal of the Triumvirate (57-56) | |
| |
| |
| Caesar's Campaigns in Gaul (58-51) | |
| |
| |
| Death of Clodius and Pompey's Sole Consulship (52) | |
| |
| |
| Prospect of Civil War (51-49) | |
| |
| |
| Causes and Consequences of Caesar Crossing the Rubicon (January 49) | |
| |
| |
| Cicero's Governorship of Cilicia (51-50) | |
| |
| |
| Civil War Campaigns (49-45) | |
| |
| |
| Caesar's Activity as Dictator (49-44) | |
| |
| |
| Caesar's Impact upon the City of Rome | |
| |
| |
| Political Prospects for Rome, and for Caesar | |
| |
| |
| |
| Augustus and the Transformation of the Roman World | |
| |
| |
| Reactions to the Assassination of Caesar (44-43) | |
| |
| |
| Emergence of a Second Triumvirate (43) | |
| |
| |
| Battle of Philippi (42) | |
| |
| |
| Box 9.1 Laudatio Turiae | |
| |
| |
| Perusine War (41-40) | |
| |
| |
| Elimination of Sextus Pompey and Lepidus (39-36) | |
| |
| |
| Antony in the East (42 onwards) | |
| |
| |
| Clash Between Antony and Octavian (36-30) | |
| |
| |
| Octavian as Sole Ruler (30 Onwards) | |
| |
| |
| ""The Republic Restored"" | |
| |
| |
| Second Settlement (23) | |
| |
| |
| Latin Literature in the Late Republic and Augustan Age | |
| |
| |
| Succession | |
| |
| |
| Table 9.1 The Julio-Claudian Family | |
| |
| |
| Senate and Equites | |
| |
| |
| Army | |
| |
| |
| The Empire and Its Expansion | |
| |
| |
| Box 9.2 Oath of Loyalty | |
| |
| |
| City of Rome | |
| |
| |
| Attitudes Outside Rome | |
| |
| |
| Res Gestae of Augustus | |
| |
| |
| Augustus: Final Assessment | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Early Principate (A.D. 14-69): The Julio-Claudians, the Civil War of 68-69, and Life in the Early Empire | |
| |
| |
| Sources | |
| |
| |
| The Julio-Claudian Emperors: Civil Government and Military Concerns | |
| |
| |
| Tiberius (14-37) | |
| |
| |
| Box 10.1 Senatorial Decree Concerning the Elder Gnaeus Piso | |
| |
| |
| Gaius (Caligula) 37-41 | |
| |
| |
| Claudius (41-54) | |
| |
| |
| Box 10.2 Claudius' Speech on the Admission of Gauls to the Senate | |
| |
| |
| Nero (54-68) | |
| |
| |
| Civil War in 68-69 | |
| |
| |
| Economic and Social Change | |
| |
| |
| Army | |
| |
| |
| Economy | |
| |
| |
| Intellectual Life | |
| |
| |
| ""Beneficial Ideology"" | |
| |
| |
| Cities and Provinces | |
| |
| |
| Diversity: Women, Local Languages, and Culture | |
| |
| |
| Religious Practices and Principles | |
| |
| |
| Imperial Cult | |
| |
| |
| |
| Institutionalization of the Principate: Military Expansion and Its Limits, the Empire and the Provinces (69-138) | |
| |
| |
| Sources | |
| |
| |
| Institutionalization of the Principate | |
| |
| |
| Vespasian (69-79) | |
| |
| |
| Titus (79-81) | |
| |
| |
| Domitian (81-96) | |
| |
| |
| A New, Better Era? | |
| |
| |
| Nerva (96-98) | |
| |
| |
| Trajan (98-117) | |
| |
| |
| Hadrian (117-138) | |
| |
| |
| Table 11.1 The Antonine Family | |
| |
| |
| Box 11.1 Hadrian Inspects Troops at Lambaesis, Numidia | |
| |
| |
| Roman Cities and the Empire's Peoples | |
| |
| |
| Theaters and Processions | |
| |
| |
| Circuses and Chariot Racing | |
| |
| |
| The Amphitheater, and Gladiatorial Games | |
| |
| |
| Other Urban Amenities | |
| |
| |
| Education | |
| |
| |
| State Religion and Imperial Cult | |
| |
| |
| |
| Italy and the Provinces: Civil and Military Affairs (138-235) | |
| |
| |
| Sources | |
| |
| |
| Antoninus Pius (138-161) | |
| |
| |
| Marcus Aurelius (161-180) and Lucius Verus (161-169) | |
| |
| |
| Box 12.1 A Greek Provincial Praises Roman Citizenship | |
| |
| |
| Box 12.2 Morbidity and Mortality in the Roman Empire | |
| |
| |
| Commodus (176-192, Sole Augustus after 180) | |
| |
| |
| Septimius Severus (193-211) | |
| |
| |
| Table 12.1 The Severan Family | |
| |
| |
| Box 12.3 Deification Ceremonies for Pertinax in Septimius Severus' Rome | |
| |
| |
| Caracalla (198-217, Sole Augustus after 211) | |
| |
| |
| Macrinus (217-218) | |
| |
| |
| Elagabalus (218-222) | |
| |
| |
| Severus Alexander (222-235) | |
| |
| |
| Roman Law | |
| |
| |
| Roman Citizenship | |
| |
| |
| Box 12.4 Grant of Roman Citizenship (Tabula Banasitana) | |
| |
| |
| Rome and Christianity | |
| |
| |
| Box 12.5 Pliny, Trajan, and Christians | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Third Century, the Dominate, and Constantine | |
| |
| |
| Sources | |
| |
| |
| Mid-Third Century | |
| |
| |
| Aurelian (270-275) | |
| |
| |
| Dicoletian, the Tetrarchy, and the Dominate (284-305) | |
| |
| |
| Box 13.1 The Tetrarchs Introduce their Edict on Maximum Prices | |
| |
| |
| Dissolution of the Tetrarchy (305-313), and the Rise of Constantine (306-324) | |
| |
| |
| Box 13.2 Galerius' Edict of Toleration (Lactantius) | |
| |
| |
| Constantine and the Empire | |
| |
| |
| Timeline | |
| |
| |
| Glossary | |
| |
| |
| Principal Ancient Authors | |
| |
| |
| Art Credits | |
| |
| |
| Index | |
| |
| |
| Gazetteer | |