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| Contributors | |
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| Biological Background | |
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| Sutures and Craniosynostosis: A Comparative, Functional, and Evolutionary Perspective | |
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| Definition | |
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| In the Beginning: The First Sutures | |
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| Radiations | |
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| Function: Cause or Effect? | |
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| Sutures and the Rigid Skull | |
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| Generalizations | |
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| Sutural Biology | |
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| Suture Definitions | |
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| Suture Function | |
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| Suture Initiation and Form | |
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| Sutural Histology | |
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| Immunohistology, Histochemistry, Autoradiography, and Special Staining | |
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| Experimental Manipulation of Sutures | |
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| Sutural Interdigitation | |
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| Sutural Maturation and Closure | |
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| Suture Closure: Some Relationships | |
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| Secondary Cartilage | |
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| Embryology of the Skull | |
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| Stages of Embryonic Development | |
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| General Landmarks of Skull Development | |
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| Chondrocranium of the Embryo and Early Fetus | |
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| Ossification of the Skull | |
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| Vascularization of the Skull | |
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| Reflections of Dura Mater and Dural Venous Sinuses | |
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| Development of the Otic Capsule | |
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| Anterior Cranial and Facial Structures | |
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| Middle Cranial Structures | |
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| Posterior Cranial Structures | |
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| Normal Craniofacial Growth | |
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| Basic Skeletogenic Movements | |
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| Intramembranous and Endochondral Modes of Growth | |
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| Remodeling-Displacement Interrelationships | |
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| Growth of the Neurocranium | |
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| Ethmomaxillary Complex | |
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| Mandibular Growth | |
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| Theories of Craniofacial Growth Control | |
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| Notations and Growth Data | |
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| Two Developmental Points of Special Clinical Interest | |
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| Etiology and Pathogenesis | |
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| Sutural Pathology | |
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| Definitions | |
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| Histopathology | |
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| Etiology | |
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| Secondary Synostosis | |
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| Special Topics | |
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| Other Studies | |
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| Animal Studies | |
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| TGF[beta] and Sutural Biology | |
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| TGF[beta] Superfamily | |
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| TGF[beta] | |
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| Tertiary Structure | |
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| Latent TGF[beta] and Latent TGF[beta] Binding Protein | |
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| Receptors | |
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| Intracellular Signaling | |
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| The Osteoblast and TGF[beta], 73 | |
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| TGF[beta] Mouse Models | |
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| TGF[beta] and Cranial Sutures | |
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| Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Mutations | |
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| FGF/FGFR Biology | |
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| Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors (FGFRs) | |
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| Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGFs) | |
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| Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans (HSPGs) | |
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| Intracellular Signaling | |
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| Tertiary Structure | |
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| Animal Models and Fgf Signaling | |
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| FGFR Mutations and Craniosynostosis Syndromes | |
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| Apert Syndrome | |
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| Pfeiffer Syndrome | |
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| Crouzon Syndrome | |
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| Jackson-Weiss Syndrome | |
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| Beare-Stevenson Cutis Gyrata Syndrome | |
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| Nonclassifiable FGFR2 Disorders with Craniosynostosis | |
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| FGFR3-Associated Coronal Synostosis Syndrome (Muenke Craniosynostosis) | |
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| Crouzonodermoskeletal Syndrome | |
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| Thanatophoric Dysplasia | |
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| Ligand-Independent Receptor Activation and Enhanced Receptor Occupancy | |
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| Some Generalizations and Some Conclusions | |
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| TWIST and MSX2 Mutations | |
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| TWIST Mutations and the Saethre-Chotzen Syndrome | |
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| Homeobox Gene MSX2 Mutation and Boston-Type Craniosynostosis | |
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| Topical Subjects in Craniosynostosis | |
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| History, Terminology, and Classification of Craniosynostosis | |
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| Historical Perspectives | |
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| Anatomic Nomenclature | |
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| Syndromic Nomenclature | |
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| Classification | |
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| Syndromic Classification | |
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| Epidemiology of Craniosynostosis | |
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| Race | |
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| General Birth Prevalence | |
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| Epidemiology of Simple Craniosynostosis | |
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| Birth Prevalence of Apert and Crouzon Syndromes | |
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| Relative Clinical Frequencies of Different Types of Craniosynostosis | |
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| The Problem of Epidemics of Craniosynostosis and Misdiagnosis | |
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| Twins and Simple Craniosynostosis | |
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| Associated Anomalies | |
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| Anatomic, Genetic, Nosologic, Diagnostic, and Psychosocial Considerations | |
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| General Types of Craniosynostosis | |
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| Anatomic and Genetic Perspectives on Craniosynostosis | |
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| Genetics of Isolated Craniosynostosis | |
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| Nomenclature: The Possessive Case Should Not be Used | |
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| Percentage of Mutations Identified for a Given Syndrome | |
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| Nomenclature: Taking the Molecular Perspective into Account | |
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| Sutures, Suture Systems, and Craniosynostosis | |
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| Sagittal Synostosis | |
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| Coronal Synostosis | |
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| Metopic Synostosis | |
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| Brachycephaly, Dolichocephaly, and Trigonocephaly Without Craniosynostosis | |
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| Plagiocephaly | |
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| Synostotic Anterior Plagiocephaly (Unilateral Coronal Synostosis) and Deformational Anterior Plagiocephaly | |
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| Synostotic Posterior Plagiocephaly (Unilateral Lambdoid Synostosis) and Deformational Posterior Plagiocephaly | |
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| Differentiation of Various Types of Plagiocephaly | |
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| Delayed Synostosis | |
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| Complex Synostosis | |
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| Craniofacial Dyssynostosis | |
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| Craniotelencephalic Dysplasia | |
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| Hydrocephalus and Craniosynostosis | |
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| Mental Deficiency and Craniosynostosis | |
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| Acrocephalosyndactyly vs. Acrocephalopolysyndactyly: A Pseudo-distinction | |
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| Syndrome Delineation | |
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| Diagnosis of Craniosynostosis | |
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| Genetic/Pediatric Assessment | |
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| Psychosocial Considerations | |
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| Radiographic and Other Imaging Studies | |
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| Radiologic Evaluation of Craniosynostosis | |
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| Diagnosis | |
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| Diagnostic Criteria | |
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| Characteristic Findings | |
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| Premature Craniosynostosis | |
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| Imaging Modalities | |
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| Skull Radiography--Cephalometry | |
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| Narrowed or Obliterated Sutures | |
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| Computed Tomography | |
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| Three-Dimensional Computed Tomography | |
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| Radiation Dose | |
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| Digitization of the Face | |
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| Scintigraphy--Bone Scanning, SPECT | |
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| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | |
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| Ultrasound | |
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| Volumetry | |
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| Intracranial Pressure and Volume | |
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| Summary | |
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| Postnatal Growth and Development of the Craniofacial Complex in Premature Craniosynostosis | |
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| Roentgencephalometry | |
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| Normal Craniofacial Growth | |
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| Craniofacial Growth in Premature Craniosynostosis | |
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| Discussion | |
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| Neurologic and Ophthalmologic Assessment | |
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| Neurologic Aspects of Craniosynostosis | |
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| Mental Handicap | |
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| Increased Intracranial Pressure | |
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| Hydrocephalus | |
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| Intracranial Volume: True Megalencephaly and Pseudomegalencephaly | |
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| Malformations | |
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| Cranial Nerve Abnormalities | |
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| Hypothalamic-Pituitary Disorders | |
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| Epilepsy | |
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| Suggested Neurologic Investigation and Follow-up for Craniostenosis Patients | |
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| Ocular Findings in Craniosynostosis | |
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| Ophthalmologic Examination | |
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| General Considerations--Primary and Secondary Pathology: Causes of Visual Loss | |
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| Complications of Abnormal Position of the Globe | |
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| Pathology of the Lids, Palpebral Fissures, and Nasolacrimal Apparatus | |
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| Ocular Motility Disturbances (Strabismus) | |
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| Refractive Errors | |
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| Intrinsic Ocular Pathology | |
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| Effects of Major Reconstructive Surgery on Ocular Structures | |
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| Speech and Hearing | |
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| Speech and Language Disorders in Syndromes of Craniosynostosis | |
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| Components of Communication Affected in Syndromes of Craniosynostosis | |
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| Resonance Disorders in Syndromes of Craniosynostosis | |
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| Articulation Disorders | |
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| Structural Anomalies Leading to Articulatory Impairment | |
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| Voice Disorders | |
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| Language | |
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| Summary | |
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| Otologic Manifestations of Craniosynostosis Syndromes | |
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| Apert Syndrome | |
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| Crouzon Syndrome | |
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| Pfeiffer Syndrome | |
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| Saethre-Chotzen Syndrome | |
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| Cloverleaf Skull | |
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| Other Syndromes | |
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| Surgical Treatment | |
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| Neurosurgical Treatment of Craniosynostosis | |
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| A History of Surgery for Craniosynostosis | |
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| Introduction to Neurosurgical Treatment | |
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| The Pathogenesis of Craniosynostosis | |
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| Growth of the Skull Following Single-Suture Closure | |
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| Craniofacial Surgery in Syndromic Craniosynostosis | |
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| Classification of Craniofacial Syndromes from a Topographic and Anatomic Viewpoint | |
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| Basic Anatomic Deformities that Craniofacial Surgery Deals with According to Five Different Levels in the Craniofacial Framework | |
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| General Principles of Craniofacial Surgery | |
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| Surgical Methods for Syndromes with Craniosynostosis | |
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| General Indications for Craniofacial Surgery | |
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| Relationship of Craniofacial Surgery to Other Specialties in the Head and Neck Region | |
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| Afterword | |
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| Craniosynostosis and the Craniofacial Dysostosis Syndromes: Current Surgical Management | |
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| Historical Perspective | |
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| Aesthetic Considerations | |
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| Quantitative Assessment | |
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| Classification System | |
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| Craniofacial Dysostosis Syndromes | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Craniofacial Surgery Research for Craniosynostosis | |
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| Questions Raised at the NIDR Craniofacial Conference in 1973 | |
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| Assumptions About Craniofacial Biology Relevant to Craniosynostosis | |
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| Assumptions About Craniofacial Surgery for Craniosynostosis | |
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| Data on Craniofacial Surgery for Craniosynostosis | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Syndromes with Craniosynostosis | |
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| Cloverleaf Skull | |
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| Classification | |
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| Craniosynostosis | |
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| Facial Features | |
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| Radiographic Findings | |
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| Central Nervous System | |
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| Other Findings | |
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| Prognosis | |
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| Prenatal Diagnosis | |
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| FGFR3-Associated Coronal Synostosis Syndrome (Muenke Craniosynostosis) | |
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| Designations | |
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| Molecular Findings | |
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| Genetics | |
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| Craniofacial Features | |
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| Performance | |
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| Other Clinical Findings | |
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| Radiographic Findings | |
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| Diagnosis | |
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| Prenatal Diagnosis | |
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| Apert Syndrome | |
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| History | |
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| Birth Prevalence | |
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| Genetics | |
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| Growth and Development | |
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| Central Nervous System | |
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| Visceral Anomalies | |
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| Calvarial Development | |
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| Calvarial Terminology in Apert Syndrome | |
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| Craniofacial Features | |
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| Cephalometric Findings | |
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| Airway Compromise | |
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| Hearing Deficit | |
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| Cervical Vertebral Anomalies | |
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| Hands and Feet | |
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| Skeletal Abnormalities | |
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| Skin | |
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| Unusual Findings | |
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| Differential Diagnosis | |
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| Pfeiffer Syndrome | |
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| Genetics | |
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| Clinical Subtypes | |
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| Central Nervous System | |
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| Craniofacial Features | |
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| Hands and Feet | |
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| Other Findings | |
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| Clinical Research Directions | |
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| Differential Diagnosis | |
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| Prenatal Diagnosis | |
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| Crouzon Syndrome | |
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| Birth Prevalence | |
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| Genetics | |
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| Abnormalities of the Central Nervous System | |
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| Craniofacial Features | |
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| Cephalometric Studies | |
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| Ocular Features | |
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| Trachea | |
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| Oral Manifestations | |
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| Other Findings | |
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| Limbs | |
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| Differential Diagnosis | |
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| Thanatophoric Dysplasia | |
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| Epidemiology | |
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| Nosology | |
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| Studies of Cartilage and Bone | |
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| Genetics | |
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| Natural History and Growth Parameters | |
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| Neuropathology | |
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| Craniofacial Features | |
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| Pathogenesis | |
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| Miscellaneous Abnormalities | |
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| Differential Diagnosis | |
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| Recurrence Risk and Prenatal Diagnosis | |
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| Saethre-Chotzen Syndrome | |
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| Genetics | |
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| Craniofacial Features | |
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| Performance | |
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| Hands and Feet | |
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| Other Findings | |
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| Differential Diagnosis | |
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| Diagnosis | |
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| Carpenter Syndrome | |
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| Growth | |
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| Performance | |
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| Cardiovascular Anomalies | |
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| Craniofacial Features | |
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| Hands and Feet | |
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| Other Abnormalities | |
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| Differential Diagnosis | |
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| Craniofrontonasal Syndrome | |
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| Etiology | |
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| Review of Cases | |
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| Differential Diagnosis | |
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| Other Syndromes With Craniosynostosis | |
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| Detailed Description of Syndromes | |
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| Problem Syndromes, Spurious Entities, and Craniosynostosis | |
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| Index | |