| |
| |
| |
Women's Experience in the American Economy | |
| |
| |
| |
The Evolution of the Female Labor Force | |
| |
| |
The Measure of Market Work | |
| |
| |
Labor Force Participation of Married Women Since 1890 | |
| |
| |
Cohorts of White Married Women | |
| |
| |
Cohorts Versus Cross Sections | |
| |
| |
Implications of Cohort Change | |
| |
| |
Cohorts of Nonwhite Married Women | |
| |
| |
Life-Cycle Labor Force Participation and Work Experience | |
| |
| |
Direct Measures of Life-Cycle Work | |
| |
| |
Work Experience, 1930 to 1950 | |
| |
| |
Economic Development and the Life Cycle of Work | |
| |
| |
Corrections to the c. 1890 Data | |
| |
| |
Participation Rates Before 1890: Married and Adult Women | |
| |
| |
Participation Rates Before 1890: Single Women | |
| |
| |
Single Women in the Labor Force, 1890 to 1930 | |
| |
| |
Summary: The Work of Women, 1790 to 1988 | |
| |
| |
| |
The Gender Gap in Earnings and Occupations | |
| |
| |
The Gender Gap in Earnings over the Long Run, 1815 to 1987 | |
| |
| |
The Ratio of Female to Male Full-time Earnings | |
| |
| |
Manufacturing and Agriculture, 1815 to 1970 | |
| |
| |
All Workers, 1890 to 1987 | |
| |
| |
Occupational Segregation and the Male-Female Wage Gap | |
| |
| |
Sources of Change in the Ratio of Male to Female Earnings | |
| |
| |
The Gender Gap in Occupations | |
| |
| |
Occupational Distributions Among White and Black Women | |
| |
| |
Occupational Segregation by Sex, 1900 to 1980 | |
| |
| |
Occupational Segregation in Manufacturing, 1900 | |
| |
| |
Implications of Occupational Segregation | |
| |
| |
Summary: Earnings and Occupations | |
| |
| |
| |
The Emergence of "Wage Discrimination" | |
| |
| |
A Measure of "Wage Discrimination" | |
| |
| |
"Wage Discrimination" in Recent Studies | |
| |
| |
Discrimination and "Wage Discrimination" | |
| |
| |
Explaining Differences Between Male and Female Earnings | |
| |
| |
Manufacturing, 1888 to 1907 | |
| |
| |
Female Manufacturing Workers | |
| |
| |
Earnings of Manufacturing Workers | |
| |
| |
"Wage Discrimination" in Manufacturing | |
| |
| |
Clerical Sector, 1940 | |
| |
| |
Clerical Work and Clerical Workers | |
| |
| |
Earnings of Clerical Workers | |
| |
| |
"Wage Discrimination" in Clerical Work | |
| |
| |
The Origins of "Wage Discrimination" | |
| |
| |
Summary: "Wage Discrimination" | |
| |
| |
| |
The Changing Economic Role of Married Women | |
| |
| |
Explaining Long-term Trends in Married Women's Labor Force Participation | |
| |
| |
Supply Versus Demand | |
| |
| |
Labor Supply: Income, Wage, and Substitution Effects | |
| |
| |
A General Model of the Labor Market for Married Women | |
| |
| |
Estimates of Income, Wage, and Substitution Effects | |
| |
| |
Applying the General Model, 1890 to 1980 | |
| |
| |
A Cohort Approach to Change in Married Women's Labor Force Participation | |
| |
| |
Cohort Differences in Fertility | |
| |
| |
Cohort Differences in Education | |
| |
| |
Occupational and Educational Change | |
| |
| |
A Cross-Section, Time-Series Model | |
| |
| |
Expectations and Cohort Labor Force Participation | |
| |
| |
Summary: Married Women in the Labor Force | |
| |
| |
| |
Why Did Change Take So Long? | |
| |
| |
Marriage Bars | |
| |
| |
Extent of the Marriage Bar | |
| |
| |
Firm-Level Evidence, 1931 and 1940 | |
| |
| |
Evidence from Local School Districts | |
| |
| |
Explaining the Marriage Bar | |
| |
| |
The Decline of the Marriage Bar in the 1950's | |
| |
| |
The Long-Run Impact of the Marriage Bar | |
| |
| |
Hours of Work and Part-time Employment | |
| |
| |
Hours of Work | |
| |
| |
Part-time Employment | |
| |
| |
Summary: Easing the Constraints | |
| |
| |
| |
The Political Economy of Gender | |
| |
| |
Historical Dimensions of Public Policy | |
| |
| |
Origins and Impact of Protective Legislation | |
| |
| |
Hours and Employment Effects of Maximum Hours Legislation | |
| |
| |
Protective Legislation Versus Equality | |
| |
| |
The Federal Government and the Economic Status of Women | |
| |
| |
The President's Commission on the Status of Women, 1963 | |
| |
| |
The 1963 Equal Pay Act and Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act | |
| |
| |
Origins of Discontent | |
| |
| |
Perceptions of Discrimination | |
| |
| |
Discontent Among College Graduates | |
| |
| |
The New Political Economy of Gender: Comparable Worth and Title VII | |
| |
| |
Summary: Altering the Rules | |
| |
| |
| |
Economic Progress and Gender Equality | |
| |
| |
The Present | |
| |
| |
The Past | |
| |
| |
The Future | |
| |
| |
Appendix to Chapter 2: Corrections to the c. 1890 Female Labor Force Participation Rates | |
| |
| |
Data Appendix | |
| |
| |
Notes | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
Index | |