Preface | |
Transport Processes: Momentum, Heat, and Mass | |
Introduction to Engineering Principles and Units | p. 1 |
Classification of Unit Operations and Transport Processes | p. 1 |
SI System of Basic Units Used in This Text and Other Systems | p. 3 |
Methods of Expressing Temperatures and Compositions | p. 5 |
Gas Laws and Vapor Pressure | p. 7 |
Conservation of Mass and Material Balances | p. 9 |
Energy and Heat Units | p. 14 |
Conservation of Energy and Heat Balances | p. 19 |
Graphical, Numerical, and Mathematical Methods | p. 23 |
Principles of Momentum Transfer and Overall Balances | p. 31 |
Fluid Statics | p. 32 |
General Molecular Transport Equation for Momentum, Heat, and Mass Transfer | p. 39 |
Viscosity of Fluids | p. 43 |
Types of Fluid Flow and Reynolds Number | p. 47 |
Overall Mass Balance and Continuity Equation | p. 50 |
Overall Energy Balance | p. 56 |
Overall Momentum Balance | p. 69 |
Shell Momentum Balance and Velocity Profile in Laminar Flow | p. 78 |
Design Equations for Laminar and Turbulent Flow in Pipes | p. 83 |
Compressible Flow of Gases | p. 101 |
Principles of Momentum Transfer and Applications | p. 114 |
Flow Past Immersed Objects and Packed and Fluidized Beds | p. 114 |
Measurement of Flow of Fluids | p. 127 |
Pumps and Gas-Moving Equipment | p. 133 |
Agitation and Mixing of Fluids and Power Requirements | p. 140 |
Non-Newtonian Fluids | p. 153 |
Differential Equations of Continuity | p. 164 |
Differential Equations of Momentum Transfer or Motion | p. 170 |
Use of Differential Equations of Continuity and Motion | p. 175 |
Other Methods for Solution of Differential Equations of Motion | p. 184 |
Boundary-Layer Flow and Turbulence | p. 190 |
Dimensional Analysis in Momentum Transfer | p. 202 |
Principles of Steady-State Heat Transfer | p. 214 |
Conduction Heat Transfer | p. 220 |
Conduction Through Solids in Series | p. 223 |
Steady-State Conduction and Shape Factors | p. 233 |
Forced Convection Heat Transfer Inside Pipes | p. 236 |
Heat Transfer Outside Various Geometries in Forced Convection | p. 247 |
Natural Convection Heat Transfer | p. 253 |
Boiling and Condensation | p. 259 |
Heat Exchangers | p. 267 |
Introduction to Radiation Heat Transfer | p. 276 |
Advanced Radiation Heat-Transfer Principles | p. 281 |
Heat Transfer of Non-Newtonian Fluids | p. 297 |
Special Heat-Transfer Coefficients | p. 300 |
Dimensional Analysis in Heat Transfer | p. 308 |
Numerical Methods for Steady-State Conduction in Two Dimensions | p. 310 |
Principles of Unsteady-State Heat Transfer | p. 330 |
Derivation of Basic Equation | p. 330 |
Simplified Case for Systems with Negligible Internal Resistance | p. 332 |
Unsteady-State Heat Conduction in Various Geometries | p. 334 |
Numerical Finite-Difference Methods for Unsteady-State Conduction | p. 350 |
Chilling and Freezing of Food and Biological Materials | p. 360 |
Differential Equation of Energy Change | p. 365 |
Boundary-Layer Flow and Turbulence in Heat Transfer | p. 370 |
Principles of Mass Transfer | p. 381 |
Molecular Diffusion in Gases | p. 385 |
Molecular Diffusion in Liquids | p. 397 |
Molecular Diffusion in Biological Solutions and Gels | p. 403 |
Molecular Diffusion in Solids | p. 408 |
Numerical Methods for Steady-State Molecular Diffusion in Two Dimensions | p. 413 |
Principles of Unsteady-State and Convective Mass Transfer | p. 426 |
Unsteady-State Diffusion | p. 426 |
Convective Mass-Transfer Coefficients | p. 432 |
Mass-Transfer Coefficients for Various Geometries | p. 437 |
Mass Transfer to Suspensions of Small Particles | p. 450 |
Molecular Diffusion Plus Convection and Chemical Reaction | p. 453 |
Diffusion of Gases in Porous Solids and Capillaries | p. 462 |
Numerical Methods for Unsteady-State Molecular Diffusion | p. 468 |
Dimensional Analysis in Mass Transfer | p. 474 |
Boundary-Layer Flow and Turbulence in Mass Transfer | p. 475 |
Unit Operations | |
Evaporation | p. 489 |
Types of Evaporation Equipment and Operation Methods | p. 491 |
Overall Heat-Transfer Coefficients in Evaporators | p. 495 |
Calculation Methods for Single-Effect Evaporators | p. 496 |
Calculation Methods for Multiple-Effect Evaporators | p. 502 |
Condensers for Evaporators | p. 511 |
Evaporation of Biological Materials | p. 513 |
Evaporation Using Vapor Recompression | p. 514 |
Drying of Process Materials | p. 520 |
Equipment for Drying | p. 521 |
Vapor Pressure of Water and Humidity | p. 525 |
Equilibrium Moisture Content of Materials | p. 533 |
Rate of Drying Curves | p. 536 |
Calculation Methods for Constant-Rate Drying Period | p. 540 |
Calculation Methods for Falling-Rate Drying Period | p. 545 |
Combined Convection, Radiation, and Conduction Heat Transfer in Constant-Rate Period | p. 548 |
Drying in Falling-Rate Period by Diffusion and Capillary Flow | p. 551 |
Equations for Various Types of Dryers | p. 556 |
Freeze Drying of Biological Materials | p. 566 |
Unsteady-State Thermal Processing and Sterilization of Biological Materials | p. 569 |
Stage and Continuous Gas-Liquid Separation Processes | p. 584 |
Types of Separation Processes and Methods | p. 584 |
Equilibrium Relations Between Phases | p. 586 |
Single and Multiple Equilibrium Contact Stages | p. 587 |
Mass Transfer Between Phases | p. 594 |
Continuous Humidification Processes | p. 602 |
Absorption in Plate and Packed Towers | p. 610 |
Absorption of Concentrated Mixtures in Packed Towers | p. 627 |
Estimation of Mass Transfer Coefficients for Packed Towers | p. 632 |
Vapor-Liquid Separation Processes | p. 640 |
Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Relations | p. 640 |
Single-Stage Equilibrium Contact for Vapor-Liquid System | p. 642 |
Simple Distillation Methods | p. 644 |
Distillation with Reflux and McCabe-Thiele Method | p. 649 |
Distillation and Absorption Tray Efficiencies | p. 666 |
Fractional Distillation Using Enthalpy-Concentration Method | p. 669 |
Distillation of Multicomponent Mixtures | p. 679 |
Liquid-Liquid and Fluid-Solid Separation Processes | p. 697 |
Batch Adsorption | p. 700 |
Design of Fixed-Bed Adsorption Columns | p. 701 |
Ion-Exchange Processes | p. 708 |
Single-Stage Liquid-Liquid Extraction Processes | p. 709 |
Equipment for Liquid-Liquid Extraction | p. 715 |
Continuous Multistage Countercurrent Extraction | p. 716 |
Introduction and Equipment for Liquid-Solid Leaching | p. 723 |
Equilibrium Relations and Single-Stage Leaching | p. 729 |
Countercurrent Multistage Leaching | p. 733 |
Introduction and Equipment for Crystallization | p. 737 |
Crystallization Theory | p. 743 |
Membrane Separation Process | p. 754 |
Liquid Permeation Membrane Processes or Dialysis | p. 755 |
Gas Permeation Membrane Processes | p. 759 |
Complete-Mixing Model for Gas Separation by Membranes | p. 764 |
Complete-Mixing Model for Multicomponent Mixtures | p. 769 |
Cross-Flow Model for Gas Separation by Membranes | p. 772 |
Countercurrent-Flow Model for Gas Separation by Membranes | p. 778 |
Effects of Processing Variables on Gas Separation by Membranes | p. 780 |
Reverse-Osmosis Membrane Processes | p. 782 |
Applications, Equipment, and Models for Reverse Osmosis | p. 788 |
Ultrafiltration Membrane Processes | p. 791 |
Mechanical-Physical Separation Processes | p. 800 |
Filtration in Solid-Liquid Separation | p. 801 |
Settling and Sedimentation in Particle-Fluid Separation | p. 815 |
Centrifugal Separation Processes | p. 828 |
Mechanical Size Reduction | p. 840 |
Appendix A.1 Fundamental Constants and Conversion Factors | p. 850 |
Appendix A.2 Physical Properties of Water | p. 854 |
Appendix A.3 Physical Properties of Inorganic and Organic Compounds | p. 864 |
Appendix A.4 Physical Properties of Foods and Biological Materials | p. 889 |
Appendix A.5 Properties of Pipes, Tubes, and Screens | p. 892 |
Notation | p. 895 |
Index | p. 905 |
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