| |
| |
| |
| What Is A Cluster, and Why Use Them? | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Working Harder | |
| |
| |
| Working Smarter | |
| |
| |
| Getting Help | |
| |
| |
| A Neglected Paradigm | |
| |
| |
| What Is To Come | |
| |
| |
| |
| Examples | |
| |
| |
| The Farm | |
| |
| |
| Fermilab | |
| |
| |
| Many Others | |
| |
| |
| Cluster System Products | |
| |
| |
| Cluster Software Products | |
| |
| |
| Availability Clusters | |
| |
| |
| Not the End | |
| |
| |
| |
| Why Clusters? | |
| |
| |
| The Standard Litany | |
| |
| |
| Why Now? Why Not Now? Cluster Enablers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Definition, Distinctions, and Initial Comparisons | |
| |
| |
| Definition | |
| |
| |
| Distinction From Parallel Systems | |
| |
| |
| Distinctions from Distributed Systems | |
| |
| |
| Concerning "Single System Image" | |
| |
| |
| Other Comparisons | |
| |
| |
| Reactions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hardware | |
| |
| |
| |
| A Cluster Bestiary | |
| |
| |
| Exposed vs | |
| |
| |
| Enclosed | |
| |
| |
| "Glass-House" vs | |
| |
| |
| "Campus-Wide" Cluster | |
| |
| |
| Cluster Hardware Structures | |
| |
| |
| Communication Requirements | |
| |
| |
| |
| Symmetric Multiprocessors | |
| |
| |
| What Is an SMP? What Is a Cache, and Why Is It Necessary? Memory Contention | |
| |
| |
| Cache Coherence | |
| |
| |
| Sequential and Other Consistencies | |
| |
| |
| Input/Output | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Software | |
| |
| |
| |
| Workloads | |
| |
| |
| Why Discuss Workloads? Serial: Throughput | |
| |
| |
| Parallel | |
| |
| |
| Amdahl's Law | |
| |
| |
| The Point of All This | |
| |
| |
| |
| Basic Programming Models and Issues | |
| |
| |
| What Is a Programming Model? The Sample Problem | |
| |
| |
| Uniprocessor | |
| |
| |
| Shared Memory | |
| |
| |
| Message-Passing | |
| |
| |
| Both at Once | |
| |
| |
| SIMD and All That | |
| |
| |
| Importance | |
| |
| |
| |
| Commercial Programming Models | |
| |
| |
| Small N vs | |
| |
| |
| Large N | |
| |
| |
| Small-N Programming Models | |
| |
| |
| Large-N I/O Programming Models | |
| |
| |
| Large-N Processor-Memory Models | |
| |
| |
| Shared Disk or not Shared Disk? Small N vs | |
| |
| |
| Large N in Commercial Subsystems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Single System Image | |
| |
| |
| Single-System-Image Boundaries | |
| |
| |
| Single-System-Image Levels | |
| |
| |
| The Application and Subsystem Levels | |
| |
| |
| The Operating System Kernel Levels | |
| |
| |
| Hardware Levels | |
| |
| |
| SSI and System Management | |
| |
| |
| |
| Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Symmetric Multiprocessors vs | |
| |
| |
| Clusters | |
| |
| |
| What's Being Compared? Conventional Wisdom | |
| |
| |
| SMP and Other Scaling | |
| |
| |
| SMP-Cluster Performance Comparisons | |
| |
| |
| Other Comparisons | |
| |
| |
| Conclusions? | |
| |
| |
| |
| Why We Need the Concept of "Cluster" | |
| |
| |
| Benchmarks | |
| |
| |
| Development Directions | |
| |
| |
| Confusion of Issues | |
| |
| |
| The Lure of Large Numbers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| Cluster Operating Systems | |
| |
| |
| Communication Overhead | |
| |
| |
| Standards | |
| |
| |
| Software Pricing | |
| |
| |
| Coda: The End of Parallel Computer Architecture | |
| |
| |
| Annotated Bibliography | |
| |
| |
| Index | |
| |
| |
| About the Author | |