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| Introducing Social Psychology | |
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| What Is Social Psychology? | |
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| The Power of Social Interpretation | |
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| How Else Can We Understand Social Influence? | |
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| Social Psychology Compared with Personality Psychology | |
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| Social Psychology Compared with Sociology | |
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| The Power of Social Influence | |
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| Underestimating the Power of Social Influence | |
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| The Subjectivity of the Social Situation | |
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| Where Construals Come From: Basic Human Motives | |
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| The Self-Esteem Approach: The Need to Feel Good About Ourselves | |
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| The Social Cognition Approach: The Need to Be Accurate | |
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| Additional Motives | |
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| Social Psychology and Social Problems | |
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| Summary | |
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| Methodology: How Social Psychologists Do Research | |
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| Social Psychology: an Empirical Science | |
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| Formulating Hypotheses and Theories | |
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| Inspiration from Earlier Theories and Research | |
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| Hypotheses Based on Personal Observations | |
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| The Observational Method: Describing Social Behavior | |
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| Archival Analysis | |
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| Limits of the Observational Method | |
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| The Correlational Method: Predicting Social Behavior | |
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| Surveys | |
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| Connections: Random Selection in Political Polls | |
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| Limits of the Correlational Method: Correlation Does Not Equal Causation | |
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| The Experimental Method: Answering Causal Questions | |
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| Independent and Dependent Variables | |
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| Internal Validity in Experiments | |
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| External Validity in Experiments | |
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| Basic Versus Applied Research | |
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| New Frontiers In Social Psychological Research | |
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| Culture and Social Psychology | |
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| The Evolutionary Approach | |
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| Social Neuroscience | |
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| Ethical Issues in Social Psychology | |
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| Guidelines for Ethical Research | |
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| Summary | |
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| Social Cognition: How We Think about the Social World | |
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| On Automatic Pilot: Low-Effort Thinking | |
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| People as Everyday Theorists: Automatic Thinking with Schemas | |
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| Mental Strategies and Shortcuts | |
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| The Power of Unconscious Thinking | |
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| Cultural Differences in Social Cognition | |
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| Controlled Social Cognition: High-Effort Thinking | |
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| Mentally Undoing the Past: Counterfactual Reasoning | |
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| Thought Suppression and Ironic Processing | |
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| Improving Human Thinking | |
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| The Amadou Diallo Case Revisited | |
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| Summary | |
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| Social Perception: How We Come to Understand Other People | |
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| Nonverbal Behavior | |
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| Facial Expressions of Emotion | |
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| Culture and the Channels of Nonverbal Communication | |
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| Multichannel Nonverbal Communication | |
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| CONNECTIONS: The E-Mail Dilemma | |
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| Communicating without Nonverbal Cues | |
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| Implicit Personality Theories: Filling In the Blanks | |
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| Culture and Implicit Personality Theories | |
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| Causal Attribution: Answering the "Why" Question | |
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| The Nature of the Attribution Process | |
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| The Covariation Model: Internal versus External Attributions | |
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| The Correspondence Bias: People as Personality Psychologists | |
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| CONNECTIONS: Police Interrogations and the Correspondence Bias | |
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| Culture and the Correspondence Bias | |
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| The Actor/Observer Difference | |
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| Self-Serving Attributions | |
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| Culture and Other Attributional Biases | |
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| Summary | |
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| The Self: Understanding Ourselves in a Social Context | |
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| Self-Knowledge | |
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| Cultural Differences in Defining the Self | |
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| Gender Differences in Defining the Self | |
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| Knowing Ourselves Through Introspection | |
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| Knowing Ourselves by Observing Our Own Behavior | |
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| Mindsets: Understanding Our Own Abilities | |
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| Using Other People to Know Ourselves | |
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| SELF-control: The EXECUTIVE FUNCTION OF THE SELF | |
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| Impression Management: All the World's a Stage | |
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| Culture, Impression Management, and Self-Enhancement | |
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| Criticial Thinking: How Could You Use This? | |
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| Summary | |
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| The Need to Justify Our Actions | |
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| The Costs and Benefits of Dissonance Reduction | |
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| Maintaining a Stable, Positive Self-Image | |
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| The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance | |
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| Rational Behavior versus Rationalizing Behavior | |
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| Decisions, Decisions, Decisions | |
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| Dissonance, the Brain, and Evolution | |
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| Justifying Your Effort | |
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| The Psychology of Insufficient Justification | |
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| Advocacy and Hypocrisy Applied to Social Problems | |
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| Good and Bad Deeds | |
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| Culture and Dissonance | |
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| Some Final Thoughts on Dissonance: Learning from Our Mistakes | |
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| Heaven's Gate Revisited | |
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| Summary | |
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| Attitudes and Attitude Change: Influencing Thoughts and Feelings | |
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| The Nature and Origin of Attitudes | |
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| Where Do Attitudes Come From? | |
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| Explicit versus Implicit Attitudes | |
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| How Do Attitudes Change? | |
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| Changing Attitudes by Changing Behavior: Cognitive Dissonance Theory Revisited | |
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| Persuasive Communications and Attitude Change | |
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| Emotion and Attitude Change | |
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| Confidence in One's Thoughts and Attitude Change | |
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| Resisting Persuasive Messages | |
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| Attitude Inoculation | |
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| Be Alert to Product Placement | |
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| Resisting Peer Pressure | |
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| When Persuasion Attempts Boomerang: Reactance Theory | |
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| When Will Attitudes Predict Behavior? | |
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| Predicting Spontaneous Behaviors | |
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| Predicting Deliberative Behaviors | |
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| The Power of Advertising | |
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| Connections: Do Media Campaigns to Reduce Drug Use Work? | |
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| How Advertising Works | |
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| Subliminal Advertising: A Form of Mind Control? | |
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| Advertising, Cultural Stereotypes, and Social Behavior | |
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| Summary | |
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| Conformity: Influencing Behavior | |
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| Conformity: When And Why | |
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| Informational Social Influence: The Need To Know What'S "Right" | |
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| The Importance of Being Accurate | |
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| When Informational Conformity Backfires | |
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| When Will People Conform to Informational Social Influence? | |
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| Normative Social Influence: The Need To Be Accepted | |
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| Conformity and Social Approval: The Asch Line Judgment Studies | |
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| The Importance of Being Accurate, Revisited | |
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| The Consequences of Resisting Normative Social Influence | |
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| Normative Social Influence in Everyday Life | |
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| When Will People Conform to Normative Social Influence? | |
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| Minority Influence: When the Few Influence the Many | |
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| CONNECTIONS: The Power of Propaganda | |
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| Using Social Influence To Promote Beneficial Behavior | |
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| The Role of Injunctive and Descriptive Norms | |
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| Obedience To Authority | |
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| The Role of Normative Social Influence | |
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| The Role of Informational Social Influence | |
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| Other Reasons Why We Obey | |
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| The Obedience Studies, Then and Now | |
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| Summary | |
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| Group Processes: Influence in Social Groups | |
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| What is A Group? | |
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| Why Do People Join Groups? | |
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| The Composition and Functions of Groups | |
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| Groups and Individuals' Behavior | |
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| Social Facilitation: When the Presence of Others Energizes Us | |
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| Social Loafing: When the Presence of Others Relaxes Us | |
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| Gender and Cultural Differences in Social Loafing: Who Slacks Off the Most? | |
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| Deindividuation: Getting Lost in the Crowd | |
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| Group Decisions: are Two (or More) Heads Better Than One? | |
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| Process Loss: When Group Interactions Inhibit Good Problem Solving | |
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| CONNECTIONS: Was the Decision to Invade Iraq a Result of Groupthink? | |
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| Group Polarization: Going to Extremes | |
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| Leadership in Groups | |
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| Conflict and Cooperation | |
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| Social Dilemmas | |
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| Using Threats to Resolve Conflict | |
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| Effects of Communication | |
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| Negotiation and Bargaining | |
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| Critical Thinking: How Could You Use This? | |
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| Summary | |
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| Interpersonal Attraction:From First Impressions to Close Relationships | |
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| What Causes Attraction? | |
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| The Person Next Door: The Propinquity Effect | |
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| Similarity | |
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| Reciprocal Liking | |
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| Physical Attractiveness and Liking | |
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| Theories of Interpersonal Attraction: Social Exchange and Equity | |
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| Close Relationships | |
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| Defining Love | |
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| Culture and Love | |
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| Love and Relationships | |
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| Evolution and Love: Choosing a Mate | |
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| CONNECTIONS: Does Ovulation Affect Perceptions of Male Attractiveness? | |
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| Attachment Styles in Intimate Relationships | |
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| CONNECTIONS: This Is Your Brain.In Love | |
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| Social Exchange in Long-Term Relationships | |
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| Equity in Long-Term Relationships | |
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| Ending Intimate Relationships | |
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| The Process of Breaking Up | |
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| The Experience of Breaking Up | |
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| Summary | |
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| Prosocial Behavior: Why Do People Help? | |
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| Basic Motives Underlying Prosocial Behavior: Why Do People Help? | |
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| Evolutionary Psychology: Instincts and Genes | |
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| Social Exchange: The Costs and Rewards of Helping | |
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| Empathy and Altruism: The Pure Motive for Helping | |
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| Personal Qualities and Prosocial Behavior: Why Do Some People Help More Than Others? | |
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| Individual Differences: The Altruistic Personality | |
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| Gender Differences in Prosocial Behavior | |
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| Cultural Differences in Prosocial Behavior | |
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| Religion and Prosocial Behavior | |
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| The Effects of Mood on Prosocial Behavior | |
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| Situational Determinants of Prosocial Behavior: When will People Help? | |
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| Environment: Rural versus Urban | |
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| Residential Mobility | |
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| The Number of Bystanders: The Bystander Effect | |
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| The Nature of the Relationship: Communal versus Exchange Relationships | |
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| How can Helping be Increased? | |
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| Increasing the Likelihood that Bystanders Will Intervene | |
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| Positive Psychology and Prosocial Behavior | |
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| CONNECTIONS: Increasing Volunteerism | |
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| Summary | |
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| Aggression: Why Do We Hurt Other People? | |
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| Can We Prevent It? | |
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| What is Aggression? | |
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| Is Aggression Inborn or Learned? | |
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| Is Aggression Instinctual? | |
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| Situational? | |
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| Optional? | |
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| Aggression and Culture | |
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| Neural and Chemical Influences on Aggression | |
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| Gender and Aggression | |
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| Alcohol and Aggression | |
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| Pain, Discomfort, and Aggression | |
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| Social Situations and Aggression | |
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| Frustration and Aggression | |
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| Being Provoked and Reciprocating | |
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| Aggressive Objects as Cues | |
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| Endorsement, Imitation and Aggression | |
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| Violence in the Media: TV, Movies, and Video Games | |
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| Does Violence Sell? | |
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| Violent Pornography and Violence against Women | |
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| How to Reduce Aggression | |
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| Does Punishing Aggression Reduce Aggressive Behavior? | |
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| Catharsis and Aggression | |
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| The Effect of War on General Aggression | |
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| What Are We Supposed to Do with Our Anger? | |
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| Teaching Empathy in School | |
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| Could the Columbine Massacre Have Been Prevented? | |
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| Summary | |
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| Prejudice: Causes and Cures | |
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| Prejudice: The Ubiquitous Prejudice: the ubiquitous Social Phenomenon | |
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| Prejudice and Self-Esteem | |
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| A Progress Report | |
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| Prejudice Defined | |
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| Stereotypes: The Cognitive Component | |
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| Discrimination: The Behavioral Component | |
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| What Causes Prejudice? | |
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| The Way We Think: Social Cognition | |
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| How We Assign Meaning: Attributional Biases | |
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| Blaming the Victim | |
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| Prejudice and Economic Competition: Realistic Conflict Theory | |
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| The Way We Conform: Normative Rules | |
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| Subtle Sexism | |
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| How Can Prejudice be Reduced? | |
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| The Contact Hypothesis | |
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| When Contact Reduces Prejudice: Six Conditions | |
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| Why Early Desegregation Failed | |
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| Cooperation and Interdependence: The Jigsaw Classroom | |
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| Why Does Jigsaw Work? | |
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| Summary | |
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| Social Psychology in Action 1 | |
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| Making a Difference with Social Psychology: Attaining a Sustainable Future | |
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| Applied Research In Social Psychology | |
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| Capitalizing on the Experimental Method | |
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| Social Psychology to the Rescue | |
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| Using Social Psychology to Achieve a Sustainable Future | |
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| Resolving Social Dilemmas | |
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| Conveying and Changing Social Norms | |
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| Making It Easy to Keep Track of Consumption | |
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| Introducing a Little Competitiveness | |
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| Inducing Hypocrisy | |
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| Removing Small Barriers to Achieve Big Changes | |
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| Happiness and a Sustainable Life Style | |
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| What Makes People Happy? | |
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| Money, Materialism, and Happiness | |
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| Do People Know What Makes Them Happy? | |
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| Summary | |
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| Social Psychology in Action 2: Social Psychology and Health | |
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| Stress and Human Health | |
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| Resilience | |
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| Perceived Stress and Health | |
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| Feeling in Charge: The Importance of Perceived Control | |
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| Knowing You Can Do It: Self-Efficacy | |
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| Explaining Negative Events: Learned Helplessness | |
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| Optimism: Looking on the Bright Side | |
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| Coping With Stress | |
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| Gender Differences in Coping with Stress | |
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| Social Support: Getting Help from Others | |
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| Opening Up: Making Sense of Traumatic Events | |
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| Prevention: Promoting Healthier Behavior | |
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| Preventable Health Problems | |
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| Social Psychological Interventions: Targeting Safer Sex | |
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| Summary | |
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| Social Psychology in Action 3: Social Psychology and the Law | |
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| Eyewitness Testimony | |
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| Why Are Eyewitnesses Often Wrong? | |
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| Judging Whether Eyewitnesses Are Mistaken | |
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| Judging Whether Witnesses Are Lying | |
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| Can Eyewitness Testimony Be Improved? | |
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| The Recovered Memory Debate | |
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| Juries: Group Processes in Action | |
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| How Jurors Process Information during the Trial | |
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| Confessions: Are They Always What They Seem? | |
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| Deliberations in the Jury Room | |
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| Why Do People Obey The Law? | |
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| Do Severe Penalties Deter Crime? | |
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| Procedural Justice: People's Sense of Fairness | |
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| Summary | |