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| Preface | |
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| The Nature of Thermodynamics | |
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| What is thermodynamics? | |
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| Definitions | |
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| The kilomole | |
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| Limits of the continuum | |
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| More definitions | |
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| Units | |
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| Temperature and the zeroth law of thermodynamics | |
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| Temperature scales | |
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| Problems | |
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| Equations of State | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Equation of state of an ideal gas | |
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| Van der Waals' equation for a real gas | |
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| P-v-T surfaces for real substances | |
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| Expansivity and compressibility | |
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| An application | |
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| Problems | |
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| The First Law of Thermodynamics | |
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| Configuration work | |
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| Dissipative work | |
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| Adiabatic work and internal energy | |
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| Heat | |
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| Units of heat | |
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| The mechanical equivalent of heat | |
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| Summary of the first law | |
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| Some calculations of work | |
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| Problems | |
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| Applications of the First Law | |
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| Heat capacity | |
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| Mayer's equation | |
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| Enthalpy and heats of transformation | |
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| Relationships involving enthalpy | |
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| Comparison of u and h | |
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| Work done in an adiabatic process | |
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| Problems | |
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| Consequences of the First Law | |
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| The Gay-Lussac-Joule experiment | |
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| The Joule-Thomson experiment | |
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| Heat engines and the Carnot cycle | |
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| Problems | |
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| The Second Law of Thermodynamics | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The mathematical concept of entropy | |
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| Irreversible processes | |
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| Carnot's theorem | |
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| The Clausius inequality and the second law | |
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| Entropy and available energy | |
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| Absolute temperature | |
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| Combined first and second laws | |
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| Problems | |
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| Applications of the Second Law | |
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| Entropy changes in reversible processes | |
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| Temperature-entropy diagrams | |
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| Entropy change of the surroundings for a reversible process | |
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| Entropy change for an ideal gas | |
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| The Tds equations | |
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| Entropy change in irreversible processes | |
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| Free expansion of an ideal gas | |
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| Entropy change for a liquid or solid | |
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| Problems | |
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| Thermodynamic Potentials | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Legendre transformation | |
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| Definition of the thermodynamic potentials | |
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| The Maxwell relations | |
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| The Helmholtz function | |
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| The Gibbs function | |
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| Application of the Gibbs function to phase transitions | |
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| An application of the Maxwell relations | |
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| Conditions of stable equilibrium | |
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| Problems | |
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| The Chemical Potential and Open Systems | |
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| The chemical potential | |
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| Phase equilibrium | |
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| The Gibbs phase rule | |
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| Chemical reactions | |
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| Mixing processes | |
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| Problems | |
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| The Third Law of Thermodynamics | |
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| Statements of the third law | |
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| Methods of cooling | |
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| Equivalence of the statements | |
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| Consequences of the third law | |
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| Problems | |
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| The Kinetic Theory of Gases | |
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| Basic assumptions | |
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| Molecular flux | |
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| Gas pressure and the ideal gas law | |
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| Equipartition of energy | |
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| Specific heat capacity of an ideal gas | |
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| Distribution of molecular speeds | |
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| Mean free path and collision frequency | |
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| Effusion | |
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| Transport processes | |
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| Problems | |
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| Statistical Thermodynamics | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Coin-tossing experiment | |
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| Assembly of distinguishable particles | |
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| Thermodynamic probability and entropy | |
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| Quantum states and energy levels | |
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| Density of quantum states | |
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| Problems | |
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| Classical and Quantum Statistics | |
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| Boltzmann statistics | |
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| The method of Lagrange multipliers | |
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| The Boltzmann distribution | |
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| The Fermi-Dirac distribution | |
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| The Bose-Einstein distribution | |
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| Dilute gases and the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution | |
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| The connection between classical and statistical thermodynamics | |
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| Comparison of the distributions | |
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| Alternative statistical models | |
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| Problems | |
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| The Classical Statistical Treatment of an Ideal Gas | |
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| Thermodynamic properties from the partition function | |
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| Partition function for a gas | |
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| Properties of a monatomic ideal gas | |
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| Applicability of the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution | |
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| Distribution of molecular speeds | |
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| Equipartition of energy | |
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| Entropy change of mixing revisited | |
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| Maxwell's demon | |
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| Problems | |
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| The Heat Capacity of a Diatomic Gas | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The quantized linear oscillator | |
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| Vibrational modes of diatomic molecules | |
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| Rotational modes of diatomic molecules | |
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| Electronic excitation | |
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| The total heat capacity | |
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| Problems | |
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| The Heat Capacity of a Solid | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Einstein's theory of the heat capacity of a solid | |
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| Debye's theory of the heat capacity of a solid | |
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| Problems | |
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| The Thermodynamics of Magnetism | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Paramagnetism | |
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| Properties of a spin-1/2 paramagnet | |
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| Adiabatic demagnetization | |
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| Negative temperature | |
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| Ferromagnetism | |
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| Problems | |
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| Bose-Einstein Gases | |
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| Blackbody radiation | |
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| Properties of a photon gas | |
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| Bose-Einstein condensation | |
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| Properties of a boson gas | |
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| Application to liquid helium | |
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| Problems | |
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| Fermi-Dirac Gases | |
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| The Fermi energy | |
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| The calculation of [mu](T) | |
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| Free electrons in a metal | |
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| Properties of a fermion gas | |
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| Application to white dwarf stars | |
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| Problems | |
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| Information Theory | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Uncertainty and information | |
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| Unit of information | |
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| Maximum entropy | |
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| The connection to statistical thermodynamics | |
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| Information theory and the laws of thermodynamics | |
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| Maxwell's demon exorcised | |
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| Problems | |
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| Appendices | |
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| Review of Partial Differentiation | |
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| Partial derivatives | |
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| Exact and inexact differentials | |
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| Problems | |
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| Stirling's Approximation | |
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| Alternative Approach To Finding the Boltzmann Distribution | |
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| Various Integrals | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Classical thermodynamics | |
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| Kinetic theory of gases | |
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| Statistical mechanics | |
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| Special topics | |
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| Answers to selected problems | |
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| Index | |