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Preface | |
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Acknowledgments | |
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Introduction | |
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Women in Early Modern Europe | |
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The Italian Renaissance | |
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The Renaissance Lady: The Ideal and Two Examplars | |
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Baldesar Castiglione (1478-1529) | |
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The Renaissance Lady from The Book of the Courtier | |
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Isabella d'Este (1474-1539):Model Renaissance Lady | |
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Isabella to Cardinal Luigi d'Aragona, 13 January 1519 | |
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Lorenzo da Pavia to Isabella, 26 July 1501 | |
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Sofonisba Anguissola (1532-1625): Renaissance Artist | |
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Letter from Sofonisba Anguissola to Pope Pius IV, 16 September 1561 | |
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Letter from Pope Pius IV to Anguissola, from Rome, 15 October 1561 | |
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Document Establishing Sofonisba's Dowry, Issued by Philip II | |
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Women Humanists and Poets | |
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Laura Cereta (1469-1499): Humanist | |
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Excerpts from Letter to Bibulus Sempronius, 13 January 1488 | |
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Vittoria Colonna (1492-1547): Poet | |
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"Aspiration" | |
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Gaspara Stampa (1523?-1554): Poet | |
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"She Dictates Her Own Epitaph" | |
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Veronica Franco (1546-1591): Poet | |
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A Warning to a Mother Considering Turning Her Daughter into a Courtesan | |
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From Noble Amateurs to Professional Performers:Women in Theater and Music | |
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The Revival of Italian Drama: Theater at Court and Popular Theater | |
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Isabella Andreini (1562-1604) and the Commedia dell'Arte | |
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Letter to Duke Vicenzo di Gonzaga of Mantua, from Bologna, 27 November 1598 | |
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The Emergence of Professional Female Musicians | |
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Urbani Dispatch to Grand Duke Francesco I de' Medici, 26 June 1581 | |
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Alessandro Striggio to Grand Duke Francesco I de' Medici, 29 July 1584 | |
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Theater and Music in Italian Convents | |
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Antonia Pulci (1452-1501) | |
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The Play of Saint (Flavia) Domitilla | |
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Convent Music | |
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The Choir of Convent San Vito, 1594 | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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The Age of Religious Ferment | |
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Women in the Protestant Reformation | |
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Martin Luther (1483-1546) | |
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Lecture on "Genesis" | |
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John Calvin (1509-1564) | |
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Excerpt from The Institutes | |
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Argula von Grumbach (1492-ca.1568) | |
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Letter to Frederick the Wise | |
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Katherina Sch�tz Zell (1498-1562) | |
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Autobiographical Notes on Her Calling | |
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Elizabeth I, Rex (r.1558-1603) | |
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Jeanne d'Albret (1528-1572) | |
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Letter to Cardinal de Armagnac | |
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English Female Martyr Elizabeth Young | |
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Inquisition Examinations of Elizabeth Young | |
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Women in the Catholic Reformation | |
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Teresa of Avila (1515-1582) | |
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"The Circumstances Surrounding the Foundation of the Monastery of St. Joseph in Medina del Campo" | |
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Maria Cazalla | |
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On the Inquisition | |
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Jews and the English Reformation | |
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Sara Lopez (1550-159?) | |
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A Petition to Elizabeth I | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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The Northern Renaissance | |
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Women Writers of France | |
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Marguerite of Navarre (1492-1549) 49 | |
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"First Day. Novel VII" of The Heptameron, Vol. I | |
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Louise Lab� (ca.1520-1566) | |
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Lab�'s Sonnets | |
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Dedicatory Epistle to Mademoiselle Cl�mence de Bourges, 25 July 1555 | |
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Women in Renaissance England | |
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Elizabeth I of England (1553-1603) | |
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"The Doubt of Future Foes," circa 1577 | |
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Elizabeth's Response to Parliament's Petition that She Marry, 10 February, 1559 | |
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The Queen's Speech to her Army on the Eve of the Spanish Invasion, 1558 | |
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Women and Renaissance Drama | |
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Elizabeth Tanfield Cary (1585-1639): Playwright | |
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The Tragedy of Mariam, The Fair Queen of Jewry, 1613 | |
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The Woman Question in England | |
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Jane Anger, her Protection for Women (1589) | |
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Mary Tattlewell and Joan Hit-him-home, "The women's sharp revenge" (1640) | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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Artists,Musicians, and Performers in the Baroque Era | |
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Women and Culture in Italy | |
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Artemisia Gentileschi (1593-ca1653): Baroque Artist | |
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Letters to Don Antonio Ruffo, 1649 | |
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Women and Music: A Cluster of Female Creativity | |
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Francesca Caccini (1587-ca1630):Medici Composer and Singer | |
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"Maria, dolce Maria" from Il Primo Libro | |
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Angelo Grillo, Letter to Francesca Caccini, 1612, from Venice | |
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Caccini to Michelangelo Buonarroti, 18 December 1614, from Florence | |
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Barbara Strozzi (1619-1664?): Venetian Composer and Singer | |
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Strozzi's Dedications | |
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"Merce di voi" (Thanks to You) | |
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Venetian Ospedali-Conservatorios: The First Music Schools for Girls | |
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Burney's Description of the Venetian Conservatories, August 1770 | |
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Convent Musicians and Church Restrictions | |
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Council of Trent Decree Regulating Female Religious, 20 November 165 | |
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Punishments Ordered by Carlo Borromeo, 30 March 1571 | |
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Orders for the "Destruction of Vices and Maintenance of Virtue" at the Convent of Maria Annunciata,Milan, 1622 | |
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Account of Cosimo III de' Medici's Visit to Santa Radegonda, 25 June 1664 | |
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Women and Cultural Change during the Reigns of Louis XIV and Louis XV | |
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Elizabeth Jacquet De La Guerre (1664/67-1729):Musician | |
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Description of Elisabeth Jacquet from the Mercure Galant, July 1677 | |
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Dedication of "Les Jeux � l'honneur de la victoire" to Louis XIV, 1691 | |
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Dedication of "Pieces for the Harpsichord and Sonatas for the Violin and for the Harpsichord," 1707 | |
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Women on Stage: Ballet | |
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Marie Camargo's Paris Debut, 1726 | |
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Camargo's Innovations | |
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Marie Sall� in "Pygmalion," 1734 | |
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Rosalba Carriera (1675-1757): Rococo Portrait Artist | |
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"Concerning Feminine Studies" | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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Writers and Intellectuals in the Baroque Era | |
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Learned Women from Continental Europe and the Americas | |
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Anna Maria van Schurman (1607-1678): Learned Woman and Pietist Leader | |
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Whether the Study of Letters Is Fitting for a Christian Woman (1641) | |
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Eukleria (1673) | |
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Anne Bradstreet (1612-1672): First English Poet of the New World | |
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"The Prologue" | |
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"Before the Birth of One of My Children" | |
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Sor Juana In�s De La Cruz (1648-1695): The New World's First Major Writer | |
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The Answer/La Respuesta (1691) | |
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England's "Female Wits" | |
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Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle (1623-1674) | |
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Excerpts from Bell in Campo | |
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Aphra Behn (1640-1689) | |
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"Francisca's Song" from The Dutch Lover (1673) | |
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"Preface" to The Luckey Chance, or an Alderman's Bargain (1686) | |
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Anne Kingsmill Finch, Countess of Winchilsea (1661-1720) | |
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"The Introduction" | |
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"The Unequal Fetters" | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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Women and Culture, 1750-1920 | |
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Age of the Enlightenment and Revolutions | |
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Artists in the Eighteenth Century | |
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Angelica Kauffmann (1741-1807): Swiss Neo-Classical Artist | |
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Abb� Winckelmann to Mr. Franck, 16 July 1764 | |
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A Critic's View of "Hector and Andromache," the Painting that Ensured Kauffmann's Admission to the British Royal Academy | |
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Goethe's Reflections on Kauffmann, Summer 1788 | |
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Anna Amalia to Angelica from Naples, 7th of September, 1789 | |
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Elisabeth Vig�e-Lebrun on Kauffmann and Her Work | |
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Elisabeth Vig�e-Lebrun (1755-1842): French Portrait Artist | |
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Excerpts from Vig�e-Lebrun's Memoirs, "Souvenirs" | |
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The Enlightenment, Revolutions, and Women | |
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Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778): French Philosopher | |
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The Education ofWoman from Em�le, 1762 | |
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Judith Sargent Murray (1751-1820): American Poet, Essayist, and Playwright | |
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"Desultory Thoughts" by Constantia, October 22, 1784 | |
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"On the Equality of the Sexes" | |
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Olympe de Gouges (1748-1793): French Writer and Royalist | |
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The Rights ofWoman, Paris, 1791 | |
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Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797): English Author and Feminist | |
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A Vindication of the Rights ofWoman (1792) | |
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Germaine de Sta�;l (1766-1817): French Writer | |
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Corinna; or, Italy (1807) | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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The Victorian Ideal:Writers and Musicians | |
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Literary Women | |
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Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin Shelley (1797-1851): British Writer | |
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Frankenstein; Or, the Modern Prometheus (1818) | |
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Charlotte Bront�; (Currer Bell) (1816-1855): British Novelist | |
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Excerpts from Shirley: A Tale | |
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George Sand (1804-1876): French Novelist | |
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Excerpt from My Life, Sand's Autobiography | |
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Excerpt from Indiana | |
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Frances Ellen Watkins Harper (1825-1911): American Poet and Novelist | |
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"Aunt Chloe's Politics" | |
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"An Appeal to My Country Women" | |
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Women and Music | |
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Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel (1805-1847): German Musician | |
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Excerpts from Mendelssohn Family Letters and Journals | |
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Letter from Fanny to Felix, Berlin, 9 July 1846 | |
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Felix Gives His Blessings to Fanny | |
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Clara Schumann (1819-1896): German Composer and Concert Pianist | |
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Clara and Robert Schumann: Dual-Career Couple | |
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Clara's Thoughts about Music and Her Talent | |
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Coping with Robert's Mental Illness | |
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Celebrating Her Career as a Concert Pianist, 1878 | |
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Women Musicians: Seizing Control of Their Artistic Lives | |
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"The Vienna Lady Orchestra," New York Times, 13 September 1871 | |
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A Late Nineteenth Century Debate: Can Women Become Composers? | |
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George Upton, Why Women are Incapable of Being Composers | |
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Helen J. Clarke, "Why Has It Been Difficult for Women to Compose?" | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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The Victorian Ideal: The Performing and Visual Arts | |
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Women on Stage | |
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Marie Taglioni (1804-1884), Italian Prima Ballerina | |
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Times (London) 3 June 1840: Review of La Gitana | |
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Times (London) 14 July 1845: Review of the Pas de Quatre | |
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Charlotte Cushman (1816-1876): American Actress | |
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English Critic James Sheridan Knowles's Review of Cushman's Romeo | |
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Cushman on George Sand | |
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Fundraising for the U. S. Sanitary Commission during the Civil War | |
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Cushman's Farewell New York Performance, Macbeth, 1874 | |
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Sculptors and Artists | |
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Harriet Hosmer (1830-1908): American Neoclassical Sculptor | |
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Hosmer to Wayman Crow, 12 October 1854 | |
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Lydia Maria Child, Letter to the Boston Transcript about Hosmer's Zenobia | |
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Hosmer's Philosophy of Art | |
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Edmonia Lewis (1843?-ca.1911): American Sculptor | |
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"A Negro Sculptress," Rome, February 1866 | |
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The Revolution on Edmonia Lewis | |
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Her Cleopatra | |
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Rosa Bonheur (1822-1899): French Animal Artist | |
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Her Early Years and Discovery of Art | |
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Excerpts from Bonheur's (Auto)biography | |
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Mary Cassatt (1844-1926): American Impressionist | |
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Mary Cassatt to Clarence Gihon, 13 September 1905 | |
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Mary Cassatt to Colonel Paine, 28 February 1915 | |
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Mary Cassatt to Louisine Havemeyer, 5 July 1915 | |
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Mary Cassatt to Bertha Palmer, 11 October 1892 | |
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Women at the Chicago World's Fair, 1893 | |
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Women's Congresses at Chicago World's Fair, 1893 | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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Challenging Orthodoxy:Women and Religion in America | |
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Women Founders and Leaders | |
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Mother Ann Lee (1736-1784): Founder of the Shakers | |
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Shaker Eunice Goodrich Shares a Recollection of Mother Ann Lee, 1816 | |
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Anna White (1831-1910): Shaker Eldress and Reformer | |
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Shakerism. Its Meaning and Message (1904) | |
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Phoebe Worrall Palmer (1807-1874): Holiness Leader | |
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Promise of the Father (1859) | |
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Ellen Gould Harmon White (1827-1915): Seventh-Day Adventist Founder and Prophetess | |
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White's Vision of the Sabbath | |
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Mary Baker Edy (1821-1910): Founder, Church of Christ, Scientist | |
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Science and Health, with Key to the Scriptures | |
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The Struggle for Autonomy, Authority, and Inclusion | |
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Jarena Lee (1783-18?): African Methodist-Episcopal Visionary and Preacher | |
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Religious Experiences of Jarena Lee | |
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Women in the Black Baptist Church | |
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Virginia Broughton (185?-190?): Black Baptist Leader | |
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Twenty Years' Experience of a Missionary (1907) | |
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Hannah Greenebaum Solomon (1858-1942): Jewish Leader | |
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Excerpts from Solomon's Autobiography | |
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"Women Ministers in Session," Chicago World's Fair, 21 May 1893 | |
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Feminist Critiques of Religion | |
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Lucretia Coffin Mott (1793-1880): Quaker Minister, Abolitionist, and Feminist | |
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"Sermon, Delivered at Cherry Street Meeting," Philadelphia, 4 November 1849 | |
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Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815-1902): Feminist | |
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The Woman's Bible (1895-98) | |
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Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1860-1935): Author, Feminist, and Social Critic | |
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His Religion and Hers (1923) | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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The New Woman and the Performing Arts | |
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Pioneers of Modern Dance | |
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Lo�e Fuller (1862-1928) | |
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Excerpts from Fuller's Autobiography | |
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Fuller Talks about Her Art in an Interview,March 1896 | |
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Fuller's Activities after Her Dance Career Ends | |
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Isadora Duncan (1878-1927) | |
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Dance of the Future | |
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Ruth St. Denis (1879-1968) | |
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From Her Autobiography | |
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"The Dance as Life Experience" | |
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The New Woman in Theater | |
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Elizabeth Robins (1862-1952): American Actress, Playwright, Novelist | |
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The Convert (1907) | |
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Edith Craig (1869-1947): British Suffragist and Theater Pioneer | |
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Edy Craig, "Producing a Play" | |
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Christopher St. John Laments Craig's Lack of Recognition | |
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A Pageant of Great Women | |
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Cicely Hamilton on Edy and the Pageant of Great Women | |
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Advertisement for Pageant of Great Women | |
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A Pageant of Great Women | |
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The Pioneer Players | |
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Purpose of the Pioneer Players | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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Women and Culture in the Twentieth Century | |
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| |
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New Directions in Literature and the Arts | |
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Music | |
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Ethel Smyth (1858-1944): British Composer, Author, and Suffragist | |
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Smyth's Reflections on Men,Women, and Music | |
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| |
American Musicians Organize | |
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"Women Musicians Urge Equal Rights," 1938 | |
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Literature | |
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Virginia Woolf (1882-1941): English Writer and Feminist | |
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| |
Excerpts from A Room of One's Own (1929) | |
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Zora Neale Hurston (1891-1960): American Author and Folklorist | |
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| |
Their Eyes Were Watching God (1937) | |
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Visual Art | |
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K�the Kollwitz (1867-1945): German Graphic Artists | |
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Excerpts from Kollwitz's Diary and Letters | |
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| |
Frida Kahlo (1907-1954):Mexican Artist | |
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To Art Historian, Antonio Rodr�guez | |
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Letter to Lucienne Bloch, 14 February 1938 | |
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Frida Speaking about Her Art | |
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Frida as Remembered by Her Students | |
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Excerpts from Her Diary | |
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Georgia O'Keeffe (1887-1986): American Painter | |
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Autobiographical Excerpts about Her Work from Exhibition Catalogs | |
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Letter to Eleanor Roosevelt, 10 February 1944 | |
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| |
Suggested Readings | |
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| |
| |
Mid-Century Cultural Ferment | |
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| |
Literature | |
| |
| |
Simone de Beauvoir (1908-1986): French Philosopher,Writer, and Feminist | |
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| |
The Second Sex (1949) | |
| |
| |
Visual Art | |
| |
| |
Margaret Bourke-White (1904-1971): American Photojournalist and Author | |
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| |
Gandhi and Non-Violence in a Nuclear World, 1948 | |
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| |
Barbara Hepworth (1903-1975): British Sculptor | |
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| |
Excerpts from Hepworth's Pictorial Autobiography, 1970 | |
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| |
Dance | |
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| |
Martha Graham (1894-1991): American Dancer, Choreographer, Teacher | |
| |
| |
Graham's Thoughts about the New Modern Dance, 1941 | |
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Excerpts from Graham's Autobiography, 1991 | |
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| |
Katherine Dunham (1909- ): American Dance Pioneer and Anthropologist | |
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| |
Dunham on Ethnology and Dance | |
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| |
An Interview with Dunham, 1938 | |
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A "Conversation with Katherine Dunham," 1956 | |
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| |
Maria Tallchief (1925- ): American Prima Ballerina | |
| |
| |
Excerpts from Tallchief 's Autobiography, 1997 | |
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| |
Suggested Readings | |
| |
| |
| |
Reclaiming Their Heritage:Women and Religion | |
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| |
Feminist The(a)ologies and Ethics | |
| |
| |
Rosemary Radford Ruether (1936-) | |
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| |
"Theological Reflections on Women-Church" | |
| |
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Ada Mar�a Isasi-D�az (1943-) | |
| |
| |
Mujerista Biblical Interpretation from "La Palabra de Dios Nosotras- The Word of God in Us" | |
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Carter Heyward (1946-) | |
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Poem and Commentary from Touching Our Strength | |
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Excerpts from Buddhism after Patriarchy | |
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| |
Women-Centered Interpretive Frameworks for Reclaiming Women's History in Religion | |
| |
| |
Elisabeth Sch�ssler Fiorenza (1938-) | |
| |
| |
Excerpts from "Changing the Paradigms" | |
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| |
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Excerpts from Interview with Riffat Hassan | |
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| |
Diverse Interpretative Frameworks for Portraying Contemporary Women's Religious Traditions | |
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| |
| |
Excerpts from The Path of the Mother | |
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| |
| |
Laura Geller, "Reactions to a Woman Rabbi" | |
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| |
Suggested Readings | |
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| |
| |
Feminism, Social Change, and Female Creativity | |
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| |
Art | |
| |
| |
Judy Chicago (1939-): Artist, Author, and Feminist | |
| |
| |
A Conversation with Judy Chicago, 1997-1998 | |
| |
| |
National Museum of Women in the Arts,Washington, D.C. | |
| |
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A Conversation with Wilhelmina (Billie) Holladay, NMWA Founder, 2002 | |
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| |
Music | |
| |
| |
Ellen Taaffe Zwilich (1939-): Pulitzer Prize-winning Composer | |
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Interview with Ellen Taaffe Zwilich, 2001 | |
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| |
Peanuts Gallery | |
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Challenging Gender Barriers in the Arts | |
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Anna Lelkes and the Vienna Philharmonic: Interview with Harpist Lelkes, 1997 | |
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The Guerrilla Girls (1985-): Conscience of the Art World | |
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"Guerrilla Girls Bare All" | |
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Literature and Theater | |
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Christiane Rochefort (1917-1998):Writer, Social Critic, and Feminist | |
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"Are Women Writers Still Monsters?" (1975) | |
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Women's Experimental Theatre, New York (1976-1985) | |
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The Daughters Cycle: Electra Speaks | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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Contemporary Voices | |
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Art | |
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Maya Lin: (1959-): Sculptor, Architect, and Designer | |
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Selections from Maya Lin's Boundaries (2000) | |
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Amalia Mesa-Bains: (1946-): Artist, Educator, and Activist | |
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Venus Envy Ch. III: Cihuatlampa: The Place of the Giant Women (1997) | |
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Dance and Film | |
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Jawole Willa Jo Zollar (1939-): Choreographer and Founder of Urban Bush Women | |
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A Conversation with Jawole Willa Jo Zollar, 1999 | |
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Deepa Mehta (1950-): Indian/Canadian Filmmaker | |
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An Interview with Deepa Mehta, 1993 | |
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Literature | |
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Sheila Ortiz Taylor (1939-): Poet and Novelist | |
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Imaginary Parents. A Family Autobiography (1996) | |
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Toni Morrison (1931-): Novelist and Nobel Prize Winner | |
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Morrison's "Nobel Prize Lecture," 7 December 1993 | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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Bibliography | |