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(NOTE: Each chapter begins with Overview and concludes with Summary and Challenges.) | |
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Introduction | |
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What Ergonomics Is | |
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What Ergonomics Does | |
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Goals of This Book | |
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How This Book Is Organized | |
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How to Use This Book | |
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The Development of Ergonomics | |
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The Ergonomic Knowledge Base | |
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Sources of Ergonomic Information | |
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Addresses | |
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The Ergonomic Knowledge Base | |
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The Anatomical and Mechanical Structure of the Human Body | |
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Development of the Human Race | |
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Anthropology and Anthropometry | |
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Box of Samples | |
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How to Get Missing Data | |
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Design Procedures | |
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Human Biomechanics | |
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The Skeletal System | |
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Biomechanical Description of the Body | |
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Human Strength | |
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How the Body Does Its Work | |
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The Respiratory System | |
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The Circulatory System | |
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The Metabolic System | |
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Assessment of Energy Expenditures at Work | |
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Energy Requirements at Work | |
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How the Mind Works | |
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Introduction | |
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The Traditional and the EcologicalConcepts | |
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Organization of the Nervous System | |
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Enhancing Performance | |
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Detecting Deception | |
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Human Senses | |
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Introduction | |
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Body Sensors | |
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Seeing The Vision Sense | |
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Other Theories of Color Vision | |
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Hearing The Auditory Sense | |
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Smelling Olfactory Sense | |
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Tasting The Gustation Sense | |
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Taste Sensors | |
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Touching The Cutaneous Senses | |
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Balancing the Body The Vestibular Sense | |
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Engineering Use of Sensory Capabilities | |
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How the Body Interacts with the Environment | |
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Thermoregulation of the Human Body | |
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Working in Polluted Air | |
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Working Strenuously at High Altitudes | |
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The Effects of Vibration on the Human Body | |
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Summary of Vibration | |
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Astronauts and Weightlessness | |
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Accelerations in Aerospace | |
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Summary of Aerospace Human Engineering | |
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Working and Diving Under Water | |
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Body Rhythms, Work Schedules, and Effects of Alcohol | |
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Introduction | |
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Female Menstrual Cycle | |
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Circadian Rhythms | |
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Individual Differences | |
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Sleep | |
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Prolonged Hours of Work and Sleep Deprivation | |
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Shiftwork | |
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Shift Systems | |
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Compressed Workweek/Extended Workday | |
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Flextime | |
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Which Shift Systems are Most Suitable? | |
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Body Rhythms and ShiftWork: Summary | |
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Effects of Alcohol on Performance | |
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Blood Alcohol Content | |
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Absorption | |
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Elimination of Alcohol | |
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Effects of Alcohol on the Nervous System | |
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Effects of Alcohol on the Senses | |
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Effects of Alcohol on Performance of Industrial Tasks | |
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Effects of Alcohol on Automobile Driving | |
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Effects of Alcohol on Pilots | |
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Effects of Alcohol: Summary | |
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Design Applications | |
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Ergonomic Models, Methods, and Measurements | |
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Introduction | |
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Models | |
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Types of Models | |
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Ergonomic Models | |
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Methods | |
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Measurements | |
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Designing to Fit the Moving Body | |
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Moving, Not Staying Still | |
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Suitable Body Motions and Positions at Work | |
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Recording and Evaluating Postures at Work | |
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Designing for the Standing Operator | |
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Designing for the Sitting Operator | |
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Designing for Working Positions Other Than Sitting or Standing | |
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Designing for Foot Operation | |
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Designing for Hand Use | |
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Designing Hand Tools | |
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Design Rules for Hand Tools | |
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Designing for Human Strength | |
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Rules for Designing for Operator Strength | |
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Designing for Vision | |
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Designing to Avoid Overuse Disorders in the Shop and Office | |
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Biomechanical Strains of the Body | |
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Occupational Activities and Related Disorders | |
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Stages of Overuse Disorders and Their Treatment | |
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NonBiomechanical Factors in ODs | |
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Ergonomic Interventions | |
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Research Needs | |
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The Office (Computer) Workstation | |
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Introduction | |
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Is There a Normal, Healthy, Ideal Posture? | |
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Theories of HealthyStanding | |
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Theories of Healthy Sitting | |
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Free Posturing | |
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Ergonomic Design of the Office Workstation | |
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Selection, Design, and Arrangement of Controls and Displays | |
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Introduction | |
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Controls | |
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Control Selection | |
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Compatibility of Control-Machine Movement | |
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Control Actuation Force or Torque | |
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Control-Effect Relationships | |
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Continuous versus Detent Controls | |
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Standard Practices | |
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Arrangement and Groupin | |