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| Preface | |
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| Archaeobotany and Cultivation in Africa | |
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| Chapter Objectives | |
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| The Problem | |
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| Humans and plant interaction | |
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| Cave painting of hunters and their prey, southern Africa, undated | |
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| Conversations with Ogotemmà li, Dogon-speaker, Sahelian West Africa, 1965 | |
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| The Eloquent Peasant, Middle Kingdom Egypt/Kemet (c.2040-1650 BCE) | |
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| The Method | |
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| Pollen from important Sahelian crops, 1995-2005 | |
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| Enset and banana phytoliths, 2005-2006 | |
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| The Evidence | |
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| The spread and use of Bananas in Africa | |
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| Comparative morphology of Musa and Ensete phytoliths, 2005-2006 | |
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| Wine and Beer in Pharaonic and Roman Egypt | |
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| Main components of pollen samples from aruma amphorae (jars), 4th-7th century CE | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Exploring the domestication of sorghum | |
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| Interpreting archaeobotanical data | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Early Written Evidence of State and Society in Classical North-Eastern Africa | |
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| Chapter Objectives | |
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| The Problem | |
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| The Scorpion King and depictions of ancient and classical North-East Africa | |
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| How did early North-East African societies organize themselves to face challenges? | |
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| Writing in North-East Africa | |
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| The connections between written sources and challenges to society | |
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| The Method | |
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| Basic practices for interpreting sources | |
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| The Evidence | |
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| Egypt: the Book of the Dead and the challenge of creating a civil society | |
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| Two versions of the "Declaration of Innocence", Late Period Egypt, c.717-332 BCE | |
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| Kush: the Confirmation of Aspelta and the challenge of succession | |
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| Aspelta's Coronation stela, image and translation, Napata, c.600-595 BCE | |
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| Aksum: Ezana's conquest stones and the challenge of war | |
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| Ezana's conquest stone, Meroe (c.360-350 CE) | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Interpreting early written sources | |
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| Reflections upon the meaning of written sources | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Linguistic Evidence and the Bantu Expansion | |
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| Chapter Objectives | |
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| The Problem the Bantu expansion | |
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| The method | |
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| Language classification and linguistic methods | |
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| Tree diagram for Great Lakes Bantu, present day extending backward | |
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| Tree diagram for Western Lakes (a portion of Great Lakes Bantu) | |
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| Word histories and social histories: How social historians use linguistic evidence | |
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| The Evidence | |
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| Western Lakes Bantu as a case study | |
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| Western Lakes terms for discussing power, c.200-1400 | |
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| Constructing Dominion over the Land, c.200-1400 | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Exercise 1: Interpreting linguistic evidence of Nilo-Saharan languages | |
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| A section of the Nilo-Saharan language group (not all modern or historical languages shown) | |
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| Words from the Nilo-Saharan family, c.1 CE ��� Present | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Archaeological Evidence for the Development of African Cities | |
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| Chapter Objectives | |
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| The Problem | |
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| Early African Cities | |
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| The Method | |
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| The practice of archaeology in Africa | |
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| Sequence Chart for Northern Upemba Depression | |
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| "Historians, are Archaeologists your Siblings?": Using archaeological evidence and evaluating archaeological studies | |
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| The Evidence | |
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| The Middle Niger as a case study | |
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| Discovery/Recovery, 1977 | |
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| The Findings | |
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| Interpretations | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Exercise 1: decoding a text on Benin City (in modern Nigeria) | |
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| Exercise 2: stratigraphy and association in Benin City | |
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| Stratigraphic analysis of Clerks' Quarters site, Benin, 1975 | |
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| Exercise 3: analysis of Northern Upemba Depression (in modern Democratic Republic of Congo) | |
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| Exercise 4: Interpreting archaeological data | |
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| Further Readings | |
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| African Memories and Perspectives of the Atlantic Slave Trade | |
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| Chapter Objectives | |
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| The Problem | |
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| How did West and Central Africans understand and experience the Atlantic Slave Trade? | |
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| The Methods | |
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| Oral Histories | |
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| Sibell's Narrative, collected by John Ford, Barbados, 1799 | |
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| Autobiographies and memoires | |
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| The autobiography of Venture Smith, Connecticut, 1798 | |
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| Oral Tradition | |
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| "Kpele" dirge memorializing the effects of the Atlantic Slave Trade, Ghana, collected c.1970 | |
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| The Evidence | |
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| Olaudah Equiano's Interesting Narrative as a memory of Africa during the era of the Atlantic slave trade | |
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| Olaudah Equaino's memories of Essaka, written in London, c.1789 | |
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| Written and oral accounts of "cannibalism" and "witchcraft" as idioms for understanding the slave trade | |
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| The slave trade viewed through the idiom of cannibalism, 1659-1755 | |
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| Oral traditions from Atorkor as a message from the past | |
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| Togbui Awusa's narrative, Ghana, collected c.2002 | |
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| Excercises | |
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| Exercise 1: Interpreting memory in oral and written form | |
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| Exercise 2: Ashy's narrative from Barbados | |
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| Ashy's Narrative ('Fantee'), transcribed by John Ford, Barbados, 1799 | |
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| Further Readings | |
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| Islamic Sources and Version of Swahili Origins | |
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| Chapter Objectives | |
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| The Problem | |
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| "Origins" in African history and the Swahili past | |
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| The Method | |
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| Islamic sources in Africa | |
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| The production of sources as a guide to their meaning | |
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| The Source the Pate Chronicle | |
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| Excerpt from the Stigand Version of the Pate Chronicles, 1908, Lamu archipelago | |
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| Excerpt from the Werner version of the Pate Chronicles, 1911, Lamu archipelago | |
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| King-list of Pate from the Werner version of the Pate Chronicles | |
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| MS 177 version of the Pate Chronicles, c.1900, Lamu archipelago/Dar es Salaam | |
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| Tomalcheva's "stratigraphy" of versions of the Pate Chronicle | |
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| Pouwels' comparisons of king-lists in versions of the Pate Chronicles | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Exercise 1: Exploring Swahili origins | |
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| Exercise 2: interpreting versions of thePate Chronicle | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Intellectual History and Cultural Nationalism in West Africa | |
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| Chapter Objectives | |
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| The Problem | |
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| Who were nineteenth century West African intellectuals and how can we describe their projects? | |
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| The Method | |
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| Intellectual history through written sources | |
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| The Sources | |
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| The emergence of West African cultural nationalists | |
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| James Africanus Horton on self-government in West Africa | |
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| James Africanus Horton, West African Countries and Peoples, completed in the United Kingdom, 1868 | |
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| John Mensah Sarbah on indigenous institutions of government | |
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| John Mensah Sarbah, Fanti National Constitution, Ghana, 1906 | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Exercise 1: analyzing Casely-Hayford's Gold Coast Native Institutions | |
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| J.E. Casely-Hayford, Gold Coast Native Institutions, Written in West Africa and published in the United Kingdom, 1903 | |
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| Exercise 2: Cultural nationalism as a theme in intellectual histories | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Planning, Photography, and the Struggle for Power in Colonial Africa | |
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| Chapter Objectives | |
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| The Problem | |
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| What was everyday life like for Africans under colonial rule? | |
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| The Method | |
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| "Power" as a concept in human societies | |
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| Architecture and urban planning as evidence of power relationships | |
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| Italian plan for colonial Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 1940 | |
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| Photograph of Atakpame, Togoland, c.1910 | |
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| European buildings in Palime, Togoland, c.1910 | |
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| Women's March on the Union Buildings, Pretoria, South Africa, August 9, 1956 | |
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| Photographs as evidence of power relationships | |
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| Hair dressing in Abokobi, Gold Coast (modern Ghana), c.1900-1904 | |
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| "Is It Higher Wages at Last?", South Africa, 1960 | |
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| The Evidence | |
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| Architecture and urban planning in Italian colonial North and North-East Africa | |
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| Arch by Rava in Somalia, 1935 | |
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| Two neighboring "national" monuments in South Africa: the Voortrekker Monument and Freedom Park | |
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| The Voortrekker Monument, South Africa, completed 1949 | |
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| Images from the "historical frieze", Voortrekker Monument | |
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| Freedom Park and Voortrekker Monument, Pretoria, 2009 | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Exercise 1: Interpreting the built environment | |
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| Exercise 2: City planning and architecture in Cape Town | |
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| "District Six: the Razzle and Dazzle Good, Bad Land", Cape Town, 1963 | |
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| District six before and after forced removals, Cape Town | |
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| The Rhodes Memorial, Cape Town, 2009 | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Remembering Decolonization Through Ethnography and Popular Painting in Central Africa | |
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| Chapter Objectives | |
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| The Problem | |
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| How can we comprehend popular experiences of decolonization in Africa? | |
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| The Method | |
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| The challenge of understanding art as an historical source | |
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| Ethnography | |
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| The Sources | |
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| The Congo Crisis | |
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| Memory and Popular Paintings of the Congo Crisis | |
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| Two popular paintings from Democratic Republic of Congo, 1990s | |
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| Ethnographies of popular painters | |
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| Tshibumba Kanda Matulu (T) and Johannes Fabian (F) Democratic Republic of Congo, 1990s (representing 1960) | |
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| Tshibumba Kanda Matulu paintings, Democratic Republic of Congo, 1990s (representing 1960) | |
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| Tshibumba Kanda Matulu paintings, Democratic Republic of Congo, 1990s (representing 1960/1961) | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Exercise 1: Interpretation of ethnography | |
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| Tshibumba Kanda Matulu, "The Deaths of Lumumba, Mpolo and Okito | |
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| Exercise 2: Representations of Lumumba | |
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| Tshibumba Kanda Matulu paintings, Democratic Republic of Congo, 1990s (representing 1960) | |
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| Interview between Fabian (F) and Tshibumba (T), Democratic Republic of Congo, 1990s | |
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| Further Readings | |
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| Literature and Decolonization in Africa | |
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| Chapter Objectives | |
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| The Problem | |
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| How did Africans perceive the causes, strategies, and effects of the struggle for independence? | |
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| The Method | |
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| Historicizing literature as a product of society | |
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| Excerpt from Lÿopold Sÿdar Senghor, "Message", c.1945, France/Senegal | |
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| Excerpts from Kobina Sekyi's "The Anglo-Fanti", c.1917-1918, Ghana | |
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| The role of literature in the formation of culture and politics | |
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| The Sources | |
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| Things Fall APart: Chinua Achebe's precolonial Africa from the inside | |
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| Achebe on themes in Things Fall APart, 1969-1981 | |
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| Proverbs from Things Fall APart, 1958, Nigeria | |
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| First stanza of William Butler Yeats' The Second Coming, 1920, Ireland | |
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| God's Bits of Wood: Sembéne Ousmane's visions of the decolonization of Senegal | |
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| Excerpts from God's Bits of Wood, 1959-1960, Senegal | |
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| Excerpt from God's Bits of Wood | |
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| Gadjigo on reading God's Bits of Wood, 2007 | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Exercise 1: Interpreting novels by African authors | |
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| Exercise 2: Analyzing David Diop's "The Time of the Martyr" | |
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| D. Diop, "The Time of the Martyr" | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Textbooks and Tribunals in the Aftermath of Crises | |
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| Chapter Objectives | |
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| The Problem | |
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| How do societies and individuals deal with the aftermath of crises? | |
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| The Method | |
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| Reading curricula and course materials | |
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| Textbook treatments of the 1913 Native Land Act, 1974/1999, South Africa | |
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| South African curriculum policy statements, 1962/2005, South Africa | |
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| Reading Testimonies | |
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| Testimony from the Special Court for Sierra Leone, 2006, Sierra Leone/Netherlands | |
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| The Evidence | |
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| The Truth and Reconciliation Commission in South Africa | |
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| The purposes of the TRC, 1994/1998, South Africa | |
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| Testimony of Sheila Thandiwe Bless, on the death of Zandisile Matiti, 1996, Queenstown, South Africa | |
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| Questions at the Amnesty Hearings, 1997, Cape Town, South Africa | |
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| Political groups submissions to the TRC, 1996, South Africa | |
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| Rwanda | |
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| The Gacaca Courts, 2001, Rwanda | |
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| A Lesson plan for Module III of the proposed Rwandan history curriculum, 2006, Rwanda | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Exercise 1: Intepreting courtroom testimony | |
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| Further Readings | |
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| Anthropology and the Gendering of the Study of AIDS in Africa | |
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| Chapter Objectives | |
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| The Problem | |
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| Why has HIV/AIDS spread so fast and affected so many in Africa? | |
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| The Method | |
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| Relationships between anthropology and history | |
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| Gender as a category of analysis | |
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| The Sources | |
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| Studies of gender, sexuality, and sex in Uganda and South Africa | |
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| Theory in "African Sex is Dangerous!", Uganda, 2001-2003 | |
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| Context in "African Sex is Dangerous!", Uganda, 2001-2003 | |
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| Description in "African Sex is Dangerous!", Uganda, 2002-2003 | |
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| Historical change in the meaning of isoka among isiZulu-speakers, South Africa, 1940s | |
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| Femininity among isiZulu-speakers, South Africa, 1920s and 1930s | |
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| Contemporary constructions of masculinity among isiZulu-speakers, South Africa, 2000s | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Exercise 1: Interpreting ethnographic data | |
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| Further Readings | |
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| Epilogue: African histories and Histories of Africa | |
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| The Limitations of this book | |
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| Methods for exploring the past | |
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| The values of historical enquiry | |
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| Questions remaining | |