| |
| |
| Preface to the Instructor | |
| |
| |
| Introduction to the Student | |
| |
| |
| |
| Displaying the Order in a Group of Numbers Using Tables and Graphs | |
| |
| |
| The Two Branches of Statistical Methods | |
| |
| |
| Some Basic Concepts | |
| |
| |
| |
| Important Trivia for Poetic Statistics Students | |
| |
| |
| Frequency Tables | |
| |
| |
| Histograms | |
| |
| |
| |
| Math Anxiety, Statistics Anxiety, and You: A Message for Those of You Who Are Truly Worried About This Course | |
| |
| |
| Shapes of Frequency Distributions | |
| |
| |
| Controversy: Misleading Graphs | |
| |
| |
| Frequency Tables and Histograms in Research Articles | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| Example Worked-Out Problems | |
| |
| |
| Practice Problems | |
| |
| |
| Using SPSS | |
| |
| |
| Chapter Note | |
| |
| |
| |
| Central Tendency and Variability | |
| |
| |
| Central Tendency | |
| |
| |
| Variability | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Sheer Joy (Yes, Joy) of Statistical Analysis | |
| |
| |
| Controversy: The Tyranny of the Mean | |
| |
| |
| |
| Gender, Ethnicity, and Math Performance | |
| |
| |
| Central Tendency and Variability in Research Articles | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| Example Worked-Out Problems | |
| |
| |
| Practice Problems | |
| |
| |
| Using SPSS | |
| |
| |
| Chapter Notes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Some Key Ingredients for Inferential Statistics: Z Scores, the Normal Curve, Sample versus Population, and Probability | |
| |
| |
| Z Scores | |
| |
| |
| The Normal Curve | |
| |
| |
| |
| de Moivre, the Eccentric Stranger Who Invented the Normal Curve | |
| |
| |
| Sample and Population | |
| |
| |
| |
| Surveys, Polls, and 1948's Costly "Free Sample" | |
| |
| |
| Probability | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pascal Begins Probability Theory at the Gambling Table, Then Learns to Bet on God | |
| |
| |
| Controversies: Is the Normal Curve Really So Normal? and Using Nonrandom Samples | |
| |
| |
| Z Scores, Normal Curves, Samples and Populations, and Probabilities in Research Articles | |
| |
| |
| Advanced Topics: Probability Rules and Conditional Probabilities | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| Example Worked-Out Problems | |
| |
| |
| Practice Problems | |
| |
| |
| Using SPSS | |
| |
| |
| Chapter Notes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction to Hypothesis Testing | |
| |
| |
| A Hypothesis-Testing Example | |
| |
| |
| The Core Logic of Hypothesis Testing | |
| |
| |
| The Hypothesis-Testing Process | |
| |
| |
| One-Tailed and Two-Tailed Hypothesis Tests | |
| |
| |
| Controversy: Should Significance Tests Be Banned? | |
| |
| |
| |
| Jacob Cohen, the Ultimate New Yorker: Funny, Pushy, Brilliant, and Kind | |
| |
| |
| Hypothesis Tests in Research Articles | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| Example Worked-Out Problems | |
| |
| |
| Practice Problems | |
| |
| |
| Chapter Notes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hypothesis Tests with Means of Samples | |
| |
| |
| The Distribution of Means | |
| |
| |
| Hypothesis Testing with a Distribution of Means: The Z Test | |
| |
| |
| |
| More About Polls: Sampling Errors and Errors in Thinking About Samples | |
| |
| |
| Controversy: Marginal Significance | |
| |
| |
| Hypothesis Tests About Means of Samples (Z Tests) and Standard Errors in Research Articles | |
| |
| |
| Advanced Topic: Estimation, Standard Errors, and Confidence Intervals | |
| |
| |
| Advanced Topic Controversy: Confidence Intervals versus Significance Tests | |
| |
| |
| Advanced Topic: Confidence Intervals in Research Articles | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| Example Worked-Out Problems | |
| |
| |
| Practice Problems | |
| |
| |
| Chapter Notes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Making Sense of Statistical Significance: Decision Errors, Effect Size, and Statistical Power | |
| |
| |
| Decision Errors | |
| |
| |
| Effect Size | |
| |
| |
| |
| Effect Sizes for Relaxation and Meditation: A Restful Meta-Analysis | |
| |
| |
| Statistical Power | |
| |
| |
| What Determines the Power of a Study? | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Power of Typical Psychology Experiments | |
| |
| |
| The Role of Power When Planning a Study | |
| |
| |
| The Role of Power When Interpreting the Results of a Study | |
| |
| |
| Controversy: Statistical Significance versus Effect Size | |
| |
| |
| Decision Errors, Effect Size, and Power in Research Articles | |
| |
| |
| Advanced Topic: Figuring Statistical Power | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| Example Worked-Out Problems | |
| |
| |
| Practice Problems | |
| |
| |
| Chapter Note | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction to t Tests: Single Sample and Dependent Means | |
| |
| |
| The t Test for a Single Sample | |
| |
| |
| |
| William S. Gosset, Alias "Student": Not a Mathematician, But a Practical Man | |
| |
| |
| The t Test for Dependent Means | |
| |
| |
| Assumptions of the t Test for a Single Sample and the t Test for Dependent Means | |
| |
| |
| Effect Size and Power for the t Test for Dependent Means | |
| |
| |
| Controversy: Advantages and Disadvantages of Repeated-Measures Designs | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Power of Studies Using Difference Scores: How the Lanarkshire Milk Experiment Could Have Been Milked for More | |
| |
| |
| Single Sample t Tests and Dependent Means t Tests in Research Articles | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| Example Worked-Out Problems | |
| |
| |
| Practice Problems | |
| |
| |
| Using SPSS | |
| |
| |
| Chapter Notes | |
| |
| |
| |
| The t Test for Independent Means | |
| |
| |
| The Distribution of Differences Between Means | |
| |
| |
| Hypothesis Testing with a t Test for Independent Means | |
| |
| |
| Assumptions of the t Test for Independent Means | |
| |
| |
| |
| Monte Carlo Methods: When Mathematics Becomes Just an Experiment, and Statistics Depend on a Game of Chance | |
| |
| |
| Effect Size and Power for the t Test for Independent Means | |
| |
| |
| Review and Comparison of the Three Kinds of t Tests | |
| |
| |
| Controversy: The Problem of Too Many t Tests | |
| |
| |
| The t Test for Independent Means in Research Articles | |
| |
| |
| Advanced Topic: Power for the t Test for Independent Means When Sample Sizes Are Not Equal | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| Example Worked-Out Problems | |
| |
| |
| Practice Problems | |
| |
| |
| Using SPSS | |
| |
| |
| Chapter Notes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction to the Analysis of Variance | |
| |
| |
| Basic Logic of the Analysis of Variance | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sir Ronald Fisher, Caustic Genius of Statistics | |
| |
| |
| Carrying Out an Analysis of Variance | |
| |
| |
| Hypothesis Testing with the Analysis of Variance | |
| |
| |
| Assumptions in the Analysis of Variance | |
| |
| |
| Planned Contrasts | |
| |
| |
| Post Hoc Comparisons | |
| |
| |
| Effect Size and Power for the Analysis of Variance | |
| |
| |
| Controversy: Omnibus Tests versus Planned Contrasts | |
| |
| |
| Analyses of Variance in Research Articles | |
| |
| |
| Advanced Topic: The Structural Model in the Analysis of Variance | |
| |
| |
| Principles of the Structural Model | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| Example Worked-Out Problems | |
| |
| |
| Practice Problems | |
| |
| |
| Using SPSS | |
| |
| |
| Chapter Notes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Factorial Analysis of Variance | |
| |
| |
| Basic Logic of Factorial Designs and Interaction Effects | |
| |
| |
| Recognizing and Interpreting Interaction Effects | |
| |
| |
| Basic Logic of the Two-Way Analysis of Variance | |
| |
| |
| |
| Personality and Situational Influences on Behavior: An Interaction Effect | |
| |
| |
| Assumptions in the Factorial Analysis of Variance | |
| |
| |
| Extensions and Special Cases of the Analysis of Variance | |
| |
| |
| Controversy: Dichotomizing Numeric Variables | |
| |
| |
| Factorial Analysis of Variance in Research Articles | |
| |
| |
| Advanced Topic: Figuring a Two-Way Analysis of Variance | |
| |
| |
| Advanced Topic: Power and Effect Size in the Factorial Analysis of Variance | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| Example Worked-Out Problems | |
| |
| |
| Practice Problems | |
| |
| |
| Using SPSS | |
| |
| |
| Chapter Notes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Correlation | |
| |
| |
| Graphing Correlations: The Scatter Diagram | |
| |
| |
| Patterns of Correlation | |
| |
| |
| The Correlation Coefficient | |
| |
| |
| |
| Galton: Gentleman Genius | |
| |
| |
| Significance of a Correlation Coefficient | |
| |
| |
| Correlation and Causality | |
| |
| |
| Issues in Interpreting the Correlation Coefficient | |
| |
| |
| |
| Illusory Correlation: When You Know Perfectly Well That If It's Big, It's Fat-and You Are Perfectly Wrong | |
| |
| |
| Effect Size and Power for the Correlation Coefficient | |
| |
| |
| Controversy: What Is a Large Correlation? | |
| |
| |
| Correlation in Research Articles | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| Example Worked-Out Problems | |
| |
| |
| Practice Problems | |
| |
| |
| Using SPSS | |
| |
| |
| Chapter Notes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Prediction | |
| |
| |
| Predictor (X) and Criterion (Y) Variables | |
| |
| |
| The Linear Prediction Rule | |
| |
| |
| The Regression Line | |
| |
| |
| Finding the Best Linear Prediction Rule | |
| |
| |
| The Least Squared Error Principle | |
| |
| |
| Issues in Prediction | |
| |
| |
| Multiple Regression | |
| |
| |
| Limitations of Prediction | |
| |
| |
| Controversy: Unstandardized and Standardized Regression Coefficients; Comparing Predictors | |
| |
| |
| |
| Clinical versus Statistical Prediction | |
| |
| |
| Prediction in Research Articles | |
| |
| |
| Advanced Topic: Error and Proportionate Reduction in Error | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| Example Worked-Out Problems | |
| |
| |
| Practice Problems | |
| |
| |
| Using SPSS | |
| |
| |
| Chapter Notes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Chi-Square Tests | |
| |
| |
| |
| Karl Pearson, Inventor of Chi-Square and Center of Controversy | |
| |
| |
| The Chi-Square Statistic and the Chi-Square Test for Goodness of Fit | |
| |
| |
| The Chi-Square Test for Independence | |
| |
| |
| Assumptions for Chi-Square Tests | |
| |
| |
| Effect Size and Power for Chi-Square Tests for Independence | |
| |
| |
| Controversy: The Minimum Expected Frequency | |
| |
| |
| Chi-Square Tests in Research Articles | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| Example Worked-Out Problems | |
| |
| |
| Practice Problems | |
| |
| |
| Using SPSS | |
| |
| |
| Chapter Notes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Strategies When Population Distributions Are Not Normal: Data Transformations and Rank-Order Tests | |
| |
| |
| Assumptions in the Standard Hypothesis-Testing Procedures | |
| |
| |
| Data Transformations | |
| |
| |
| Rank-Order Tests | |
| |
| |
| Comparison of Methods | |
| |
| |
| Controversy: Computer-Intensive Methods | |
| |
| |
| |
| Where Do Random Numbers Come From? | |
| |
| |
| Data Transformations and Rank-Order Tests in Research Articles | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| Example Worked-Out Problems | |
| |
| |
| Practice Problems | |
| |
| |
| Using SPSS | |
| |
| |
| Chapter Notes | |
| |
| |
| |
| The General Linear Model and Making Sense of Advanced Statistical Procedures in Research Articles | |
| |
| |
| The General Linear Model | |
| |
| |
| |
| Two Women Make a Point About Gender and Statistics | |
| |
| |
| Partial Correlation | |
| |
| |
| Reliability | |
| |
| |
| Multilevel Modeling | |
| |
| |
| Factor Analysis | |
| |
| |
| Causal Modeling | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Golden Age of Statistics: Four Guys Around London | |
| |
| |
| Procedures That Compare Groups | |
| |
| |
| Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) | |
| |
| |
| Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) and Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) | |
| |
| |
| Overview of Statistical Techniques | |
| |
| |
| Controversy: Should Statistics Be Controversial? | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Forced Partnership of Fisher and Pearson | |
| |
| |
| How to Read Results Using Unfamiliar Statistical Techniques | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| Practice Problems | |
| |
| |
| Using SPSS | |
| |
| |
| Chapter Notes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Tables | |
| |
| |
| Answers to Set I Practice Problems | |
| |
| |
| Glossary | |
| |
| |
| Glossary of Symbols | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Index | |