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| Preface | |
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| Plato and the Trial of Socrates | |
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| What Is Philosophy? | |
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| Euthyphro: Defining Philosophical Terms | |
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| The Apology, Phaedo, and Crito: The Trial, Immortality, and Death of Socrates | |
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| Philosophy of Religion | |
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| Can We Prove That God Exists? | |
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| St. Anselm: The Ontological Argument | |
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| St. Thomas Aquinas: The Cosmological Argument | |
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| William Paley: The Teleological Argument | |
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| Blaise Pascal: It Is Better to Believe in God's Existence Than to Deny It | |
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| William James: Free Choice Is the Basis of Belief | |
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| Does the Idea of a Good God Exclude Evil? | |
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| Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz: God Can Allow Some Evil | |
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| David Hume: A Good God Would Exclude Evil | |
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| Ethics | |
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| Are Ethics Relative? | |
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| Ruth Benedict: Ethics Are Relative | |
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| W.T. Stace: Ethics Are Not Relative | |
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| Are Humans Always Selfish? | |
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| Humans Are Always Selfish: Glaucon's Challenge to Socrates | |
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| James Rachels: Humans Are Not Always Selfish | |
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| Which Is Basic in Ethics: Happiness or Obligation? | |
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| Aristotle: Happiness Is Living Virtuously | |
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| Jeremy Bentham: Happiness Is Seeking the Greatest Pleasure for the Greatest Number of People | |
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| Immanuel Kant: Duty Is Prior to Happiness | |
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| Friedrich Nietzsche: Happiness Is Having Power | |
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| Jean-Paul Sartre: Existentialist Ethics | |
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| Rosemarie Tong: Feminist Ethics Are Different | |
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| Two Contemporary Moral Problems: Abortion, Animal Rights | |
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| Jane English: Are Most Abortions Moral? | |
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| The Animal Rights Issue | |
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| Peter Singer: Do Animals Have Rights? | |
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| Knowledge | |
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| What Is Knowledge? | |
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| Plato: Knowledge Is "Warranted, True Belief" | |
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| What Method Is Best for Acquiring Knowledge? | |
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| Charles Sanders Peirce: Four Approaches to Philosophy | |
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| How Do We Acquire Knowledge? | |
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| Rene Descartes: Knowledge Is Not Ultimately Sense Knowledge | |
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| John Locke: Knowledge Is Ultimately Sensed | |
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| Immanuel Kant: Knowledge Is Both Rational and Empirical | |
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| How Is Truth Established? | |
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| Bertrand Russell: Truth Is Established by Correspondence | |
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| Francis. H. Bradley: Truth Is Established by Coherence | |
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| William James: Truth Is Established on Pragmatic Grounds | |
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| Can We Know the Nature of Causal Relations? | |
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| David Hume: Cause Means Regular Association | |
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| David Hume: There Are No Possible Grounds for Induction | |
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| Metaphysics | |
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| Why Is There Something Rather Than Nothing? | |
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| Parmenides: Being Is Uncaused | |
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| Lao-Tzu: Non-Being Is the Source of Being | |
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| Is Reality General or Particular? | |
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| Plato: Universals Are Real | |
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| David Hume: Particulars Are Real | |
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| Of What Does Reality Consist? | |
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| Rene Descartes: Reality Consists of Mind and Matter | |
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| Paul Churchland: Reality Consists of Matter | |
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| George Berkeley: Reality Consists of Ideas | |
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| John Dewey: Reality Consists of Mental and Physical Qualities | |
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| Are Humans Free? | |
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| Holbach: Humans Are Determined | |
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| Robert Kane: Humans Are Free | |
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| Social and Political Philosophy | |
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| What Is Liberty? | |
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| Fyodor Dostoevski: Liberty and Authority | |
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| John Stuart Mill: Liberty Is Independence from the Majority's Tyranny | |
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| Martin Luther King Jr.: Liberty and Racial Prejudice | |
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| Which Government Is Best? | |
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| Thomas Hobbes: Monarchy Is Best | |
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| John Locke: Democracy Is Best | |
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| Karl Marx: Communism and Nonalienated Labor Is Best | |
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| Alexis de Tocqueville: Democracy Can Have Serious Problems | |
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| Karl Popper: Utopias Lead to Violence | |
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| Aesthetics | |
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| What Constitutes the Experience of Beauty? | |
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| Plotinus: Beauty, Sensuous and Ideal | |
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| What Is the Function of Art? | |
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| Aristotle: The Nature of Tragedy | |
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| Henri Bergson: The Nature of Comedy | |
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| Philosophy and the Good Life | |
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| Two Classic Views of the Good Life | |
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| Epicurus and the Pleasant Life | |
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| Epictetus and the Life of Self-Control | |
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| What Gives Life Meaning? | |
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| Leo Tolstoy: Faith Provides Life's Meaning | |
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| Albert Camus: Each Person Determines His or Her Life's Meaning | |
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| What Is the Value of Philosophy? | |
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| Bertrand Russell: The Value of Philosophy | |
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| Glossary | |