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Preface | |
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Graphics Systems and Models | |
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Applications of Computer Graphics | |
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Display of Information | |
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Design | |
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Simulation and Animation | |
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User Interfaces | |
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A Graphics System | |
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Pixels and the Frame Buffer | |
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The CPU and the GPU | |
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Output Devices | |
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Input Devices | |
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Physical Input Devices | |
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Logical Devices | |
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Input Modes | |
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Images: Physical and Synthetic | |
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Objects and Viewers | |
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Light and Images | |
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Imaging Models | |
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Imaging Systems | |
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The Pinhole Camera | |
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The Human Visual System | |
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The Synthetic-Camera Model | |
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The Programmer's Interface | |
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The Pen-Plotter Model | |
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Three-Dimensional APIs | |
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A Sequence of Images | |
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The Modeling Rendering Paradigm | |
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Graphics Architectures | |
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Display Processors | |
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Pipeline Architectures | |
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The Graphics Pipeline | |
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Vertex Processing | |
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Clipping and Primitive Assembly | |
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Rasterization | |
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Fragment Processing | |
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Programmable Pipelines | |
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Performance Characteristics | |
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Summary and Notes | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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Exercises | |
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Graphics Programming | |
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The Sierpinski Gasket | |
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Programming Two-Dimensional Applications | |
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The OpenGL Application Programming Interface | |
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Graphics Functions | |
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The Graphics Pipeline and State Machines | |
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The OpenGL Interface | |
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Coordinate Systems | |
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Primitives and Attributes | |
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Polygon Basics | |
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Polygons in OpenGL | |
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Approximating a Sphere | |
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Triangulation | |
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Text | |
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Curved Objects | |
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Attributes | |
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Color | |
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RGB Color | |
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Indexed Color | |
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Setting of Color Attributes | |
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Viewing | |
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The Orthographic View | |
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Two-Dimensional Viewing | |
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Control Functions | |
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Interaction with the Window System | |
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Aspect Ratio and Viewports | |
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The main, display, and init Functions | |
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Program Structure | |
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The Gasket Program | |
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Rendering the Points | |
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The Vertex Shader | |
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The Fragment Shader | |
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Combining the Parts | |
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The initShader Function | |
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Polygons and Recursion | |
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The Three-Dimensional Gasket | |
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Use of Three-Dimensional Points | |
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Use of Polygons in Three Dimensions | |
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Hidden-Surface Removal | |
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Adding Interaction | |
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Using the Pointing Device | |
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Window Events | |
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Keyboard Events | |
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The Idle Callback | |
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Double Buffering | |
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Window Management | |
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Menus | |
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Summary and Notes | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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Exercises | |
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Geometric Objects and Transformations | |
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Scalars, Points, and Vectors | |
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Geometric Objects | |
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Coordinate-Free Geometry | |
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The Mathematical View: Vector and Affine Spaces | |
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The Computer Science View | |
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Geometric ADTs | |
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Lines | |
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Affine Sums | |
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Convexity | |
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Dot and Cross Products | |
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Planes | |
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Three-Dimensional Primitives | |
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Coordinate Systems and Frames | |
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Representations and N-Tuples | |
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Change of Coordinate Systems | |
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Example Change of Representation | |
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Homogeneous Coordinates | |
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Example Change in Frames | |
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Working with Representations | |
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Frames in OpenGL | |
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Matrix and Vector Classes | |
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Modeling a Colored Cube | |
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Modeling the Faces | |
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Inward- and Outward-Pointing Faces | |
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Data Structures for Object Representation | |
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The Color Cube | |
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Interpolation | |
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Displaying the Cube | |
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Affine Transformations | |
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Translation, Rotation, and Scaling | |
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Translation | |
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Rotation | |
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Scaling | |
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Transformations in Homogeneous Coordinates | |
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Translation | |
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Scaling | |
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Rotation | |
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Shear | |
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Concatenation of Transformations | |
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Rotation About a Fixed Point | |
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General Rotation | |
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The Instance Transformation | |
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Rotation About an Arbitrary Axis | |
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Transformation Matrices in OpenGL | |
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Current Transformation Matrices | |
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Rotation, Translation, and Scaling | |
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Rotation About a Fixed Point | |
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Order of Transformations | |
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Spinning of the Cube | |
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Updating in the Display Callback | |
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Uniform Variables | |
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Interfaces to Three-Dimensional Applications | |
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Using Areas of the Screen | |
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A Virtual Trackball | |
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Smooth Rotations | |
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Incremental Rotation | |
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Quaternions | |
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Complex Numbers and Quaternions | |
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Quaternions and Rotation | |
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Summary and Notes | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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Exercises | |
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Viewing | |
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Classical and Computer Viewing | |
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Classical Viewing | |
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Orthographic Projections | |
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Axonometric Projections | |
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Oblique Projections | |
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Perspective Viewing | |
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Viewing with a Computer | |
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Positioning of the Camera | |
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Positioning of the Camera Frame | |
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Two Viewing APIs | |
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The Look-At Function | |
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Other Viewing APIs | |
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Parallel Projections | |
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Orthogonal Projections | |
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Parallel Viewing with OpenGL | |
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Projection Normalization | |
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Orthogonal-Projection Matrices | |
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Oblique Projections | |
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An Interactive Viewer | |
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Perspective Projections | |
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Simple Perspective Projections | |
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Perspective Projections with OpenGL | |
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Perspective Functions | |
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Perspective-Projection Matrices | |
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Perspective Normalization | |
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OpenGL Perspective Transformations | |
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Perspective Example | |
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Hidden-Surface Removal | |
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Culling | |
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Displaying Meshes | |
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Displaying Meshes as a Surface | |
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Polygon Offset | |
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Walking Through a Scene | |
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Projections and Shadows | |
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Summary and Notes | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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Exercises | |
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Lighting and Shading | |
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Light and Matter | |
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Light Sources | |
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Color Sources | |
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Ambient Light | |
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Point Sources | |
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Spotlights | |
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Distant Light Sources | |
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The Phong Reflection Model | |
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Ambient Reflection | |
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Diffuse Reflection | |
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Specular Reflection | |
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The Modified Phong Model | |
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Computation of Vectors | |
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Normal Vectors | |
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Angle of Reflection | |
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Polygonal Shading | |
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Flat Shading | |
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Smooth and Gouraud Shading | |
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Phong Shading | |
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Approximation of a Sphere by Recursive Subdivision | |
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Specifying Lighting Parameters | |
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Light Sources | |
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Materials | |
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Implementing a Lighting Model | |
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Applying the Lighting Model in the Application | |
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Efficiency | |
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Lighting in the Vertex Shader | |
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Shading of the Sphere Model | |
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Per-Fragment Lighting | |
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Nonphotorealistic Shading | |
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Global Illumination | |
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Summary and Notes | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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Exercises | |
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From Vertices to Fragments | |
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Basic Implementation Strategies | |
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Four Major Tasks | |
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Modeling | |
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Geometry Processing | |
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Rasterization | |
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Fragment Processing | |
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Clipping | |
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Line-Segment Clipping | |
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Cohen-Sutherland Clipping | |
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Liang-Barsky Clipping | |
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Polygon Clipping | |
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Clipping of Other Primitives | |
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Bounding Boxes and Volumes | |
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Curves, Surfaces, and Text | |
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Clipping in the Frame Buffer | |
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Clipping in Three Dimensions | |
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Rasterization | |
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Bresenham's Algorithm | |
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Polygon Rasterization | |
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Inside Outside Testing | |
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OpenGL and Concave Polygons | |
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Fill and Sort | |
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Flood Fill | |
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Singularities | |
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Hidden-Surface Removal | |
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Object-Space and Image-Space Approaches | |
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Sorting and Hidden-Surface Removal | |
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Scanline Algorithms | |
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Back-Face Removal | |
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The z-Buffer Algorithm | |
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Scan Conversion with the z-Buffer | |
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Depth Sort and the Painter's Algorithm | |
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Antialiasing | |
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Display Considerations | |
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Color Systems | |
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The Color Matrix | |
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Gamma Correction | |
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Dithering and Halftoning | |
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Summary and Notes | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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Exercises | |
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Discrete Techniques | |
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Buffers | |
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Digital Images | |
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Writing into Buffers | |
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Writing Modes | |
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Writing with XOR | |
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Mapping Methods | |
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Texture Mapping | |
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Two-Dimensional Texture Mapping | |
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Texture Mapping in OpenGL | |
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Two-Dimensional Texture Mapping | |
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Texture Objects | |
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The Texture Array | |
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Texture Coordinates and Samplers | |
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Texture Sampling | |
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Working with Texture Coordinates | |
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Multitexturing | |
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Texture Generation | |
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Environment Maps | |
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Reflection Map Example | |
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Bump Mapping | |
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Finding Bump Maps | |
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Bump Map Example | |
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Compositing Techniques | |
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Opacity and Blending | |
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Image Compositing | |
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Blending and Compositing in OpenGL | |
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Antialiasing Revisited | |
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Back-to-Front and Front-to-Back Rendering | |
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Scene Antialiasing and Multisampling | |
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Image Processing | |
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Other Multipass Methods | |
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Sampling and Aliasing | |
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Sampling Theory | |
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Reconstruction | |
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Quantization | |
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Summary and Notes | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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Exercises | |
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Modeling and Hierarchy | |
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Symbols and Instances | |
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Hierarchical Models | |
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A Robot Arm | |
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Trees and Traversal | |
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A Stack-Based Traversal | |
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Use of Tree Data Structures | |
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Animation | |
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Graphical Objects | |
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Methods, Attributes, and Messages | |
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A Cube Object | |
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Implementing the Cube Object | |
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Objects and Hierarchy | |
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Geometric Objects | |
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Scene Graphs | |
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Open Scene Graph | |
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Graphics and the Internet | |
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Hypermedia and HTML | |
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Java and Applets | |
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Interactive Graphics and the Web | |
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WebGL | |
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Other Tree Structures | |
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CSG Trees | |
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BSP Trees | |
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Quadtrees and Octrees | |
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Summary and Notes | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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Exercises | |
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Procedural Methods | |
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Algorithmic Models | |
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Physically Based Models and Particle Systems | |
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Newtonian Particles | |
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Independent Particles | |
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Spring Forces | |
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Attractive and Repulsive Forces | |
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Solving Particle Systems | |
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Constraints | |
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Collisions | |
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Soft Constraints | |
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A Simple Particle System | |
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Displaying the Particles | |
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Updating Particle Positions | |
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Collisions | |
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Forces | |
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Flocking | |
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Language-Based Models | |
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Recursive Methods and Fractals | |
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Rulers and Length | |
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Fractal Dimension | |
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Midpoint Division and Brownian Motion | |
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Fractal Mountains | |
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The Mandelbrot Set | |
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Procedural Noise | |
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Summary and Notes | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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Exercises | |
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Curves and Surfaces | |
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Representation of Curves and Surfaces | |
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Explicit Representation | |
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Implicit Representations | |
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Parametric Form | |
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Parametric Polynomial Curves | |
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Parametric Polynomial Surfaces | |
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Design Criteria | |
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Parametric Cubic Polynomial Curves | |
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Interpolation | |
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Blending Functions | |
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The Cubic Interpolating Patch | |
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Hermite Curves and Surfaces | |
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The Hermite Form | |
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Geometric and Parametric Continuity | |
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Bÿzier Curves and Surfaces | |
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Bÿzier Curves | |
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Bÿzier Surface Patches | |
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Cubic B-Splines | |
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The Cubic B-Spline Curve | |
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B-Splines and Basis | |
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Spline Surfaces | |
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General B-Splines | |
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Recursively Defined B-Splines | |
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Uniform Splines | |
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Nonuniform B-Splines | |
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NURBS | |
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Catmull-Rom Splines | |
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Rendering Curves and Surfaces | |
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Polynomial Evaluation Methods | |
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Recursive Subdivision of Bÿzier Polynomials | |
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Rendering Other Polynomial Curves by Subdivision | |
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Subdivision of Bÿzier Surfaces | |
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The Utah Teapot | |
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Algebraic Surfaces | |
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Quadrics | |
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Rendering of Surfaces by Ray Casting | |
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Subdivision Curves and Surfaces | |
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Mesh Subdivision | |
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Mesh Generation from Data | |
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Height Fields Revisited | |
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Delaunay Triangulation | |
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Point Clouds | |
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Summary and Notes | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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Exercises | |
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Advanced Rendering | |
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Going Beyond Pipeline Rendering | |
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Ray Tracing | |
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Building a Simple Ray Tracer | |
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Recursive Ray Tracing | |
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Calculating Intersections | |
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Ray-Tracing Variations | |
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The Rendering Equation | |
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Radiosity | |
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The Radiosity Equation | |
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Solving the Radiosity Equation | |
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Computing Form Factors | |
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Carrying Out Radiosity | |
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RenderMan | |
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Parallel Rendering | |
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Sort-Middle Rendering | |
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Sort-Last Rendering | |
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Sort-First Rendering | |
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Volume Rendering | |
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Volumetric Data Sets | |
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Visualization of Implicit Functions | |
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Isosurfaces and Marching Cubes | |
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Mesh Simplification | |
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Direct Volume Rendering | |
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Assignment of Color and Opacity | |
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Splatting | |
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Volume Ray Tracing | |
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Texture Mapping of Volumes | |
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Image-Based Rendering | |
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A Simple Example | |
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Summary and Notes | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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Exercises | |
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Sample Programs | |
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Shader Initialization Function | |
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Application Code | |
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Sierpinski Gasket Program | |
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Application Code | |
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Vertex Shader | |
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Fragment Shader | |
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Recursive Generation of Sierpinski Gasket | |
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Application Code | |
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Vertex Shader | |
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Fragment Shader | |
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Rotating Cube with Rotation in Shader | |
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Application Code | |
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Vertex Shader | |
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Fragment Shader | |
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Perspective Projection | |
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Application Code | |
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Vertex Shader | |
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Fragment Shader | |
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Rotating Shaded Cube | |
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Application Code | |
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Vertex Shader | |
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Fragment Shader | |
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Per-Fragment Lighting of Sphere Model | |
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Application Code | |
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Vertex Shader | |
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Fragment Shader | |
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Rotating Cube with Texture | |
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Application Code | |
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Vertex Shader | |
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Fragment Shader | |
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Figure with Tree Traversal | |
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Application Code | |
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Vertex Shader | |
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Fragment Shader | |
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Teapot Renderer | |
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Application Code | |
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Vertex Shader | |
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Fragment Shader | |
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Spaces | |
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Scalars | |
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Vector Spaces | |
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Affine Spaces | |
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Euclidean Spaces | |
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Projections | |
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Gram-Schmidt Orthogonalization | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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Exercises | |
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Matrices | |
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Definitions | |
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Matrix Operations | |
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Row and Column Matrices | |
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Rank | |
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Change of Representation | |
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The Cross Product | |
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Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors | |
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Vector and Matrix Classes | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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Exercises | |
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Synopsis of Opengl Functions | |
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Initialization and Window Functions | |
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Vertex Buffer Objects | |
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Interaction | |
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Setting Attributes and Enabling Features | |
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Texture and Image Functions | |
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State and Buffer Manipulation | |
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Query Functions | |
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GLSL Functions | |
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References | |
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OpenGL Function Index | |
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Subject Index | |