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| Preface | |
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| Biological Diversity and the Race Concept: An Introduction | |
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| Human Variation: Its Discovery and Classification | |
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| Anthropometry: The Measures of Human Variation | |
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| Eugenics | |
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| Racial Boundaries: Fact or Fiction? | |
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| Race, Geography, and Origins | |
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| Confusions and Contradictions of Human Classification | |
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| Human Biological Variability: A Perspective | |
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| The Biological Basis for Human Variation | |
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| Principles of Inheritance | |
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| Formal Human Genetics | |
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| Factors of Variation and Evolution | |
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| The Gene, DNA, and the "Code of Life" | |
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| Chromosomes at the Molecular Level | |
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| Gene Clusters and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs) | |
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| Y-Chromosome DNA Polymorphisms | |
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| Mitochondrial DNA | |
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| Genes and Populations: A Summary | |
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| Traits of Simple Inheritance I: Blood Groups and Proteins | |
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| Blood Components and Inherited Traits | |
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| The Blood Groups | |
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| The Blood Groups: An Overview | |
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| White Blood Cell (WBC) Antigens | |
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| Polymorphisms of Serum Proteins | |
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| Inborn Errors of Metabolism | |
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| Other Polymorphisms of Anthropological Interest | |
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| Traits of Simple Inheritance: Some Conclusions | |
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| Traits of Simple Inheritance II: Hemoglobin Variants and DNA Markers | |
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| Hemoglobins: Normal and Abnormal | |
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| Distribution of Hemoglobin S | |
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| Malaria and Natural Selection | |
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| Other Abnormal Hemoglobins | |
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| The Enzyme G6PD (Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase) | |
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| Distribution of Red-Cell Variants in Sardinian Populations | |
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| Gene Frequency Changes and African Americans | |
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| DNA Markers of Human Variation | |
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| Genetic Markers at the DNA Level: Some Conclusions | |
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| Traits of Complex Inheritance and Their Adaptations: I | |
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| The Structure and Function of Skin | |
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| Skin Color, Geography, and Natural Selection | |
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| Skin Color and Evolution | |
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| Craniofacial Traits | |
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| Eye Color and Hair Color | |
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| Human Form and Its Variability | |
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| Body Size and Form: Perspectives of Heredity | |
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| Traits of Complex Inheritance and Their Adaptations: II | |
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| Characteristics of Growth and Development | |
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| Nutritional Influences | |
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| Adaptation to Cold or Hot Environments | |
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| High Altitude Environments: Stresses and Responses | |
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| Conclusions: Complex Traits and Their Adaptations | |
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| Human Variability, Behavior, and Racism | |
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| Race, Nations, and Racism | |
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| Intelligence Quotient: A Measure of Mental Ability? | |
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| Behavior and Inheritance or Inheritance of Behavior | |
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| Class and Caste | |
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| Genetics, Intelligence, and the Future | |
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| Distribution of Human Biodiversity | |
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| Some Factors Contributing to Gene Distribution | |
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| Races, Ethnic Groups, or Breeding Populations | |
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| Breeding Populations | |
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| Clinal Distribution of Traits | |
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| Breeding Populations versus Clines | |
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| Perspectives of Health and Human Diversity: Influences of the Race Concept | |
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| Epidemiological Transition: The Distribution and Type of Disease | |
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| The Developing World and Epidemiological Transitions | |
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| A New World, but Old Diseases | |
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| What Is a Race? | |
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| Genes, Races, Environments, and Diseases: Some Conclusions | |
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| Changing Dimensions of the Human Species | |
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| Population Size and Growth: Historical Perspectives | |
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| Factors of Population Change | |
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| Empowerment of Women | |
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| Fertility Differences and Population Composition | |
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| Demographic Balances | |
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| Regional Changes of World Populations | |
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| Races, Types, and Ethnic Groups: Where Are We? | |
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| References | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Index | |
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| Figures | |
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| A Classification of Apes and Humans | |
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| Representative Skull Shapes Viewed from Above | |
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| Polar-Projection Map of the world Showing the Limits of Nine Geographical Races Described by Garn (1961) | |
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| Models of Human Origins | |
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| Racial Classifications according to U.S. Census of 2000 | |
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| Independent Segregation: Mendel's First Law | |
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| Independent Assortment: Mendel's Second Law | |
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| Stages of Cell Division | |
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| Crossover of X-Chromosome Fragments during Meiosis | |
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| Human Chromosomes in Mitosis | |
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| X- and Y-Chromosomes | |
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| Examples of X-Linked Inheritance | |
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| Dominant Inheritance: Examples of Abnormal Traits | |
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| Inheritance of ABO Blood Types | |
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| Recessive Inheritance: Examples of Abnormal Traits | |
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| Skin-Color Distributions of Blacks and Whites | |
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| Nucleotide Structure, the Basic Unit of the DNA Molecule | |
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| Schematic Diagram Depicting the Ladderlike Arrangement of DNA | |
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| Helical Shape of DNA Molecule and Semiconservative Replication | |
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| Amino Acid Sequences of Three Types of Beta Globin | |
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| Transcription of DNA and the Synthesis of Messenger RNA (mRNA) | |
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| Formation of Polypeptide Chains | |
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| DNA and Chromosome Structure | |
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| DNA Fragment Separation by the Southern Blotting Technique | |
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| Diagram of the Beta Globin Gene of Human Hemoglobin | |
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| Diagram of the Beta Globin Gene Cluster | |
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| Blood Components | |
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| Diagram of Antibodies-Antigen Reactions | |
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| Basic Chemical Structure for the ABO Blood Group | |
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| Synthesis of ABH Chemical Structure | |
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| ABO Blood Group Distribution | |