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| Supernatural as Natural: A Biocultural Approach to Religion | |
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| Preface | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Religion's Family Resemblances | |
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| Religion, Spirituality, and Religiosity | |
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| Overview of Book | |
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| Anthropology and the Study of Religion | |
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| Introduction to the Anthropological Study of Religion | |
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| Western Perspectives on Religion | |
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| The Development of Anthropological Approaches to Religion | |
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| The Four-Field Approach of Anthropology | |
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| Conclusion: The Biocultural Approach to the Study of Religiosity | |
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| Our World and How We Know It | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Science, Religion, and the Universe | |
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| Mysticism as Science | |
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| Conclusions: Comparing Science and Religion | |
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| Consciousness and Spiritual Experiences | |
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| Opening vignette: Visionary Spiritual Experiences and the Origins of Major Religious Traditions | |
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| Introduction | |
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| What is Consciousness? | |
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| The Biological Bases of Spiritual Consciousness: The Integrative Mode of Consciousness | |
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| Origins of Religious Experiences: Natural Induction of the Integrative Mode of Consciousness | |
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| Adaptive Aspects of the Integrative Mode of Consciousness | |
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| Conclusion: Religious Experience as Personal Experience of Biology | |
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| Appendix: Assessing Mystical Experiences/Hood's Mysticism Scale | |
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| Animal Rituals and the Roots of Religiosity | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Ritual in the Animal World What are Rituals? | |
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| The Triune Brain and Ritual Behavior Animal Rituals The Evolution of Ritual Behaviors | |
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| Conclusions: The Animal Roots of Human Ritual Activity | |
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| The Origins of Shamanism and the Flowering of Religiosity | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Evidence for the Emergence of New Forms of Ritual What are Shamans? | |
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| The Evolutionary Origins of Spiritual Experiences Psilocybin-Containing Mushrooms as Sources of Spiritual Experiences | |
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| The Middle/Upper Paleolithic Transition and Human Cultural Evolution Human Cognitive Evolution | |
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| The Emergence of Specialized Intelligences "Complex Hunter-Gatherer Type Religions" | |
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| The Rise of Ancestor Cults and Priests | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Origins and Functions of Religious Healing Introduction | |
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| Religious Healing as a Cultural Universal | |
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| The Co-Evolution of Healing and Religiosity Shamanism as a Foundation for Religious Healing Adaptations Religious Adaptations in Healing Processes | |
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| Conclusions: Shamanic Healing and the Holistic Imperative | |
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| Religion and Cognition | |
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| How Religion Shapes How We Think Introduction | |
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| Religious Ideas and the Structure of the Universe Animism | |
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| The Belief in Spirit Beings Myth and the Universe Substantive Beliefs Conclusions | |
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| Spirit Concepts as Indigenous Psychologies | |
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| Religion and Emotions | |
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| Introduction Bronislav Malinowski | |
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| The Emotional Adaptiveness of Magic and Religion Sigmund Freud and the Roles of the Unconscious in Religion Religion, Sex, and Gender | |