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| Preface | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Statistics: The Science of Data | |
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| Fundamental Elements of Statistics | |
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| Types of Data | |
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| The Role of Statistics in Critical Thinking | |
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| A Guide to Statistical Methods Presented in This Text | |
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| Statistics in Action: Contamination of Fish in the Tennessee River: Collecting the Data | |
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| Descriptive Statistics | |
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| Graphical and Numerical Methods for Describing Qualitative Data | |
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| Graphical Methods for Describing Quantitative Data | |
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| Numerical Methods for Describing Quantitative Data | |
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| Measures of Central Tendency | |
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| Measures of Variation | |
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| Measures of Relative Standing | |
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| Methods for Detecting Outliers | |
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| Distorting the Truth with Descriptive Statistics | |
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| Statistics in Action: Characteristics of Contaminated Fish in the Tennessee River, Alabama | |
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| Probability | |
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| The Role of Probability in Statistics | |
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| Events, Sample Spaces, and Probability | |
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| Compound Events | |
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| Complementary Events | |
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| Conditional Probability | |
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| Probability Rules for Unions and Intersections | |
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| Bayes' Rule (Optional) | |
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| Some Counting Rules | |
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| Probability and Statistics: An Example | |
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| Random Sampling | |
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| Statistics in Action: Assessing Predictors of Software Defects in NASA Spacecraft Instrument Code | |
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| Discrete Random Variables | |
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| Discrete Random Variables | |
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| The Probability Distribution for a Discrete Random Variable | |
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| Expected Values for Random Variables | |
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| Some Useful Expectation Theorems | |
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| Bernoulli Trials | |
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| The Binomial Probability Distribution | |
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| The Multinomial Probability Distribution | |
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| The Negative Binomial and the Geometric Probability Distributions | |
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| The Hypergeometric Probability Distribution | |
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| The Poisson Probability Distribution | |
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| Moments and Moment Generating Functions (Optional) | |
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| Statistics in Action: The Reliability of a "One-Shot" Device | |
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| Continuous Random Variables | |
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| Continuous Random Variables | |
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| The Density Function for a Continuous Random Variable | |
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| Expected Values for Continuous Random Variables | |
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| The Uniform Probability Distribution | |
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| The Normal Probability Distribution | |
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| Descriptive Methods for Assessing Normality | |
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| Gamma-Type Probability Distributions | |
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| The Weibull Probability Distribution | |
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| Beta-Type Probability Distributions | |
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| Moments and Moment Generating Functions (Optional) | |
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| Statistics in Action: Super Weapons Development-Optimizing the Hit Ratio | |
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| Bivariate Probability Distributions and Sampling Distributions | |
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| Bivariate Probability Distributions for Discrete Random Variables | |
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| Bivariate Probability Distributions for Continuous Random Variables | |
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| The Expected Value of Functions of Two Random Variables | |
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| Independence | |
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| The Covariance and Correlation of Two Random Variables | |
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| Probability Distributions and Expected Values of Functions of Random Variables (Optional) | |
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| Sampling Distributions | |
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| Approximating a Sampling Distribution by Monte Carlo Simulation | |
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| The Sampling Distributions of Means and Sums | |
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| Normal Approximation to the Binomial Distribution | |
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| Sampling Distributions Related to the Normal Distribution | |
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| Statistics in Action: Availability of an Up/Down Maintained System | |
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| Estimation Using Confidence Intervals | |
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| Point Estimators and their Properties | |
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| Finding Point Estimators: Classical Methods of Estimation | |
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| Finding Interval Estimators: The Pivotal Method | |
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| Estimation of a Population Mean | |
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| Estimation of the Difference Between Two Population Means: Independent Samples | |
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| Estimation of the Difference Between Two Population Means: Matched Pairs | |
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| Estimation of a Population Proportion | |
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| Estimation of the Difference Between Two Population Proportions | |
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| Estimation of a Population Variance | |
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| Estimation of the Ratio of Two Population Variances | |
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| Choosing the Sample Size | |
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| Alternative Interval Estimation Methods: Bootstrapping and Bayesian Methods (Optional) | |
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| Statistics in Action: Bursting Strength of PET Beverage Bottles | |
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| Tests of Hypotheses | |
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| The Relationship Between Statistical Tests of Hypotheses and Confidence Intervals | |
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| Elements and Properties of a Statistical Test | |
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| Finding Statistical Tests: Classical Methods | |
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| Choosing the Null and Alternative Hypotheses | |
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| Testing a Population Mean | |
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| The Observed Significance Level for a Test | |
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| Testing the Difference Between Two Population Means: Independent Samples | |
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| Testing the Difference Between Two Population Means: Matched Pairs | |
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| Testing a Population Proportion | |
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| Testing the Difference Between Two Population Proportions | |
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| Testing a Population Variance | |
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| Testing the Ratio of Two Population Variances | |
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| Alternative Testing Procedures: Bootstrapping and Bayesian Methods (Optional) | |
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| Statistics in Action: Comparing Methods for Dissolving Drug Tablets-Dissolution Method Equivalence Testing | |
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| Categorical Data Analysis | |
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| Categorical Data and Multinomial Probabilities | |
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| Estimating Category Probabilities in a One-Way Table | |
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| Testing Category Probabilities in a One-Way Table | |
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| Inferences About Category Probabilities in a Two-Way (Contingency) Table | |
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| Contingency Tables with Fixed Marginal Totals | |
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| Exact Tests for Independence in a Contingency Table Analysis (Optional) | |
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| Statistics in Action: The Public's Perception of Engineers and Engineering | |
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| Simple Linear Regression | |
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| Regression Models | |
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| Model Assumptions | |
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| Estimating [beta subscript 0] and [beta subscript 1]: The Method of Least Squares | |
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| Properties of the Least Squares Estimators | |
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| An Estimator of [sigma superscript 2] | |
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| Assessing the Utility of the Model: Making Inferences About the Slope [beta subscript 1] | |
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| The Coefficient of Correlation | |
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| The Coefficient of Determination | |
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| Using the Model for Estimation and Prediction | |
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| A Complete Example | |
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| A Summary of the Steps to Follow in Simple Linear Regression | |
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| Statistics in Action: Can Dowsers Really Detect Water? | |
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| Multiple Regression Analysis | |
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| General Form of a Multiple Regression Model | |
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| Model Assumptions | |
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| Fitting the Model: The Method of Least Squares | |
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| Computations Using Matrix Algebra: Estimating and Making Inferences About the Individual [beta] Parameters | |
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| Assessing Overall Model Adequacy | |
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| A Confidence Interval for E(y) and a Prediction Interval for a Future Value of y | |
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| A First-Order Model with Quantitative Predictors | |
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| An Interaction Model with Quantitative Predictors | |
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| A Quadratic (Second-Order) Model with a Quantitative Predictor | |
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| Checking Assumptions: Residual Analysis | |
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| Some Pitfalls: Estimability, Multicollinearity, and Extrapolation | |
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| A Summary of the Steps to Follow in a Multiple Regression Analysis | |
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| Statistics in Action: Bid-Rigging in the Highway Construction Industry | |
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| Model Building | |
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| Introduction: Why Model Building Is Important | |
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| The Two Types of Independent Variables: Quantitative and Qualitative | |
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| Models with a Single Quantitative Independent Variable | |
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| Models with Two Quantitative Independent Variables | |
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| Coding Quantitative Independent Variables (Optional) | |
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| Models with One Qualitative Independent Variable | |
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| Models with Both Quantitative and Qualitative Independent Variables | |
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| Tests for Comparing Nested Models | |
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| External Model Validation (Optional) | |
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| Stepwise Regression | |
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| Statistics in Action: Deregulation of the Intrastate Trucking Industry | |
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| Principles of Experimental Design | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Experimental Design Terminology | |
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| Controlling the Information in an Experiment | |
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| Noise-Reducing Designs | |
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| Volume-Increasing Designs | |
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| Selecting the Sample Size | |
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| The Importance of Randomization | |
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| Statistics in Action: Anticorrosive Behavior of Epoxy Coatings Augmented with Zinc | |
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| The Analysis of Variance for Designed Experiments | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Logic Behind an Analysis of Variance | |
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| One-Factor Completely Randomized Designs | |
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| Randomized Block Designs | |
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| Two-Factor Factorial Experiments | |
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| More Complex Factorial Designs (Optional) | |
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| Nested Sampling Designs (Optional) | |
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| Multiple Comparisons of Treatment Means | |
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| Checking ANOVA Assumptions | |
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| Statistics in Action: On the Trail of the Cockroach | |
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| Nonparametric Statistics | |
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| Introduction: Distribution-Free Tests | |
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| Testing for Location of a Single Population | |
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| Comparing Two Populations: Independent Random Samples | |
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| Comparing Two Populations: Matched-Pairs Design | |
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| Comparing Three or More Populations: Completely Randomized Design | |
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| Comparing Three or More Populations: Randomized Block Design | |
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| Nonparametric Regression | |
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| Statistics in Action: Deadly Exposure: Agent Orange and Vietnam Vets | |
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| Statistical Process and Quality Control | |
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| Total Quality Management | |
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| Variable Control Charts | |
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| Control Chart for Means: x-Chart | |
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| Control Chart for Process Variation: R-Chart | |
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| Detecting Trends in a Control Chart: Runs Analysis | |
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| Control Chart for Percent Defectives: p-Chart | |
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| Control Chart for the Number of Defectives per Item: c-Chart | |
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| Tolerance Limits | |
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| Capability Analysis (Optional) | |
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| Acceptance Sampling for Defectives | |
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| Other Sampling Plans (Optional) | |
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| Evolutionary Operations (Optional) | |
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| Statistics in Action: Testing Jet Fuel Additive for Safety | |
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| Product and System Reliability | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Failure Time Distributions | |
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| Hazard Rates | |
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| Life Testing: Censored Sampling | |
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| Estimating the Parameters of an Exponential Failure Time Distribution | |
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| Estimating the Parameters of a Weibull Failure Time Distribution | |
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| System Reliability | |
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| Statistics in Action: Modeling the Hazard Rate of Reinforced Concrete Bridge Deck Deterioration | |
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| Matrix Algebra | |
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| Matrices and Matrix Multiplication | |
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| Identity Matrices and Matrix Inversion | |
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| Solving Systems of Simultaneous Linear Equations | |
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| A Procedure for Inverting a Matrix | |
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| Useful Statistical Tables | |
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| Random Numbers | |
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| Cumulative Binomial Probabilities | |
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| Exponentials | |
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| Cumulative Poisson Probabilities | |
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| Normal Curve Areas | |
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| Gamma Function | |
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| Critical Values for Student's T | |
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| Critical Values of x[superscript 2] | |
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| Percentage Points of the F Distribution, [alpha] = .10 | |
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| Percentage Points of the F Distribution, [alpha] = .05 | |
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| Percentage Points of the F Distribution, [alpha] = .025 | |
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| Percentage Points of the F Distribution, [alpha] = .01 | |
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| Percentage Points of the Studentized Range q(p,v), [alpha] = .05 | |
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| Percentage Points of the Studentized Range q(p,v), [alpha] = .01 | |
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| Critical Values of T[subscript L] and T[subscript U] for the Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test: Independent Samples | |
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| Critical Values of T[subscript 0] for the Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Signed Rank Test | |
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| Critical Values of Spearman's Rank Correlation Coefficient | |
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| Critical Values of C for the Theil Zero-Slope Test | |
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| Factors Used When Constructing Control Charts | |
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| Values of K for Tolerance Limits for Normal Distributions | |
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| Sample Size n for Nonparametric Tolerance Limits | |
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| Sample Size Code Letters: MIL-STD-105D | |
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| A Portion of the Master Table for Normal Inspection (Single Sampling): MIL-STD-105D | |
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| SAS for Windows Tutorial | |
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| MINITAB for Windows Tutorial | |
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| SPSS for Windows Tutorial | |
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| References | |
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| Selected Short Answers | |
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| Credits | |
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| Index | |