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| Preface | |
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| What Is Morality? | |
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| Objectives | |
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| What Is Philosophy and Ethics' Relationship to It? | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Approaches to the Study of Morality | |
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| Morality and Its Applications | |
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| Where Does Morality Come From? | |
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| Customary or Traditional and Reflective Morality | |
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| Morality, Law, and Religion | |
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| Why Should Human Beings Be Moral? | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Exercises for Review | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Notes | |
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| Supplementary Reading | |
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| Consequentialist (Teleological) Theories of Morality | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Psychological Egoism | |
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| Ethical Egoism | |
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| Utilitarianism | |
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| Difficulty with Consequentialist Theories in General | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Exercises for Review | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Notes | |
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| Supplementary Reading | |
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| Nonconsequentialist (Deontological) Theories of Morality and Virtue Ethics | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Act Nonconsequentialist Theories | |
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| Rule Nonconsequentialist Theories | |
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| General Criticisms of Nonconsequentialist Theories | |
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| Virtue Ethics | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Exercises for Review | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Notes | |
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| Supplementary Reading | |
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| Absolutism versus Relativism | |
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| Objectives | |
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| The Meanings of Absolute | |
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| The Meanings of Relative | |
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| Cultural Relativism and Cultural Absolutism | |
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| Propositions and Truth | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Exercises for Review | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Notes | |
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| Supplementary Reading | |
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| Freedom versus Determinism | |
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| Objectives | |
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| The Meaning of Determinism | |
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| Types and Theories of Determinism | |
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| Fatalism and Hard and Soft Determinism | |
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| Indeterminism | |
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| Criticisms of Hard Determinism and Arguments for Freedom | |
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| Conclusion: Soft Determinism | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Exercises for Review | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Notes | |
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| Supplementary Reading | |
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| Reward and Punishment | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Definition of Key Terms | |
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| Reward and Punishment in Relationship to Justice | |
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| Elements of Justice | |
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| Reward | |
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| Theories of How to Reward | |
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| Punishment | |
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| Theories of Punishment | |
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| Is a Synthesis Possible? | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Exercises for Review | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Notes | |
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| Supplementary Reading | |
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| Setting Up a Moral System: Basic Assumptions and Basic Principles | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Conflicting General Moral Issues | |
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| Basic Assumptions | |
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| Basic Principles, Individual Freedom, and Their Justification | |
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| Priority of the Basic Principles | |
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| A General Way of Determining Priority--Two Categories | |
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| How the System of Humanitarian Ethics Works | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Exercises for Review | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Note | |
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| Supplementary Reading | |
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| The Taking of Human Life | |
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| Objectives | |
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| The Taking of Human Life | |
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| Suicide | |
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| Cases for Study and Discussion | |
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| Defense of the Innocent (the Self Included) | |
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| Cases for Study and Discussion | |
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| War | |
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| Terrorism | |
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| Cases for Study and Discussion | |
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| Capital Punishment | |
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| Cases for Study and Discussion | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Exercises for Review | |
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| Views of Major Ethical Theories on the Taking of Human Life | |
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| Suicide | |
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| Defense of the Innocent | |
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| War and Terrorism | |
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| Capital Punishment | |
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| Reader Reactions | |
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| Notes | |
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| Supplementary Reading | |
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| Allowing Someone to Die, Mercy Death, and Mercy Killing | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Definition of Terms | |
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| Current Legal Status of Mercy Death and Mercy Killing | |
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| Allowing Someone to Die | |
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| Cases for Study and Discussion | |
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| Mercy Death | |
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| Cases for Study and Discussion | |
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| Mercy Killing | |
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| Cases for Study and Discussion | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Exercises for Review | |
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| Views of the Major Ethical Theories on Allowing Someone to Die, Mercy Death, and Mercy Killing | |
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| Notes | |
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| Supplementary Reading | |
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| Abortion | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Introduction to the Abortion Issue | |
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| When Does Human Life Begin? | |
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| Arguments Against Abortion | |
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| Arguments for Abortion | |
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| The More Moderate Positions on Abortion | |
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| Cases for Study and Discussion | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Exercises for Review | |
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| Views of the Major Ethical Theories on Abortion | |
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| Notes | |
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| Supplementary Reading | |
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| Lying, Cheating, Breaking Promises, and Stealing | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Definitions of Key Terms | |
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| Nonconsequentialist and Consequentialist Views | |
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| Lying | |
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| Cases for Study and Discussion | |
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| Cheating | |
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| Cases for Study and Discussion | |
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| Breaking Promises | |
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| Cases for Study and Discussion | |
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| Stealing | |
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| Cases for Study and Discussion | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Exercises for Review | |
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| Views of the Major Ethical Theories on Lying, Cheating, Breaking Promises, and Stealing | |
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| Notes | |
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| Supplementary Reading | |
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| Morality, Marriage, and Human Sexuality | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Major Aspects of Human Sexuality | |
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| The Meaning and Purposes of Human Sexuality | |
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| Premarital Sex | |
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| Sex in Marriage-Type Relationships (Including Nonlegal) | |
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| Masturbation | |
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| Pornography | |
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| Prostitution | |
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| Sexual Perversion or "Unnatural" Sexual Activity | |
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| Cases for Study and Discussion | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Exercises for Review | |
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| Views of the Major Ethical Theories on Morality, Human Sexuality, and Marriage | |
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| Notes | |
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| Supplemetary Reading | |
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| Bioethics--Ethical Issues in Medicine | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Introduction and Definition of Terms | |
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| Health Care Professionals and Patients and Their Families--Rights and Obligations | |
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| Truth Telling and Informed Consent | |
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| Confidentiality | |
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| Guilt and Innocence in Treating Patients | |
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| Ethical Issues in Medicine | |
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| Cases for Study and Discussion | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Exercises for Review | |
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| Views of the Major Ethical Theories on Bioethical Issues | |
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| Notes | |
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| Supplementary Reading | |
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| Business and Media Ethics | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Rights and Obligations in Business | |
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| Two Ways of Approaching Rights and Obligations in Business | |
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| The Moderate Position | |
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| Justice, Truth Telling, and Honesty in Business | |
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| Ethical Issues in Business | |
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| Sexual Harassment | |
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| Media Ethics | |
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| Cases for Study and Discussion | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Exercises for Review | |
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| Views of the Major Ethical Theories on Business and Media Ethics | |
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| Notes | |
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| Supplementary Reading | |
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| Environmental Ethics | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Nature and Morality | |
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| Environmental Ethical Issues | |
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| Our Attitude Toward Nature and What Lies Behind it | |
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| Arguments for Use and Exploitation of the Natural Environment | |
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| Arguments Against the Use and Exploitation of Nature | |
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| Moderate Position | |
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| Criteria for Animal Rights | |
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| Ways of Dealing with Animal Rights | |
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| Use of Animals for Food | |
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| Use of Animals for Experimentation | |
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| Killing Animals for Sport | |
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| Protection of Endangered Species | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Cases for Study and Discussion | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Exercises for Review | |
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| Views of the Major Ethical Theories on Environmental Ethics | |
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| Notes | |
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| Supplementary Reading | |
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| Appendixes | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Applying Humanitarian Ethics to the Moral Problems of the Taking of Human Life | |
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| Applying Humanitarian Ethics to the Moral Problems of Allowing Someone to Die, Mercy Death, and Mercy Killing | |
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| Applying Humanitarian Ethics to the Moral Problems of Abortion | |
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| Applying Humanitarian Ethics to the Moral Problems of Lying, Cheating, Breaking Promises, and Stealing | |
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| Applying Humanitarian Ethics to the Moral Problems of Human Sexuality | |
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| Applying Humanitarian Ethics to Moral Problems in Medicine (Bioethics) | |
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| Applying Humanitarian Ethics to Moral Problems in Business (Business and Media Ethics) | |
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| Applying Humanitarian Ethics to Environmental Ethics | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Index | |