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| Preface | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Politics and Conflict | |
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| Approaches to Social Change | |
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| Traditional Cultures of the Middle East: The Cradle of Civilization and Politics | |
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| Foundations of Social Diversity | |
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| Unity in Diversity | |
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| The Foundations of Islam | |
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| Central Beliefs of Islam | |
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| Pre-Islamic Arab Ethics | |
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| The Social Setting of Mecca | |
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| Muhammad's Ministry | |
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| Five Popular Misconceptions About Islam | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| The Political Legacy of Islam, A.D. 632-1800 | |
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| The Establishment of the Islamic State | |
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| The Golden Age of the Caliphate | |
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| Mongol Destruction and the Rebirth of Empire | |
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| Growth and Decline in the Islamic State | |
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| Legitimacy in Government | |
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| The Sharia Law | |
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| The Shia | |
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| Sufism | |
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| Islam and Radical Politics | |
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| Diversity in Islamic Political Thought | |
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| Western Imperialism, 1800-1914 | |
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| Setting the Stage | |
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| The Ottomans | |
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| Egypt | |
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| The Levant | |
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| The Arabian Peninsula | |
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| Iran | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| The Rise of the State System, 1914-1950 | |
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| The McMahon-Husein Correspondence | |
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| The Mandates | |
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| Egypt | |
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| Saudi Arabia | |
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| Turkey and Iran | |
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| From Palestine to Israel | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| The Drive for Self-Determination, 1950-1990 | |
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| Arab Nationalism | |
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| Iran, the Gulf States, and Petroleum | |
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| Israel | |
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| The Palestinians and the 1988 Uprising | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Turning Points | |
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| Globalization | |
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| Arab Nationalism | |
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| Economic Liberalization | |
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| From Oslo to Jerusalem to Gaza | |
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| Democracy and Democratization: A New Turning Point for the Middle East? | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| The Politics of Religion, Culture, and Social Life | |
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| The Politics of Culture | |
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| The Contemporary Politics of Islam | |
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| Turkey: Radical Westernization and the Durability of Islam | |
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| Egypt: The Labyrinth of Possibilities | |
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| Saudi Arabia | |
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| Iran and the Islamic Republic | |
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| Sexual Politics | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Political Elites | |
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| Traditional, Transitional, and Technically Modernizing Elites | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Political Leadership in the Contemporary Middle East | |
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| Traditional Leadership | |
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| Charismatic Leadership | |
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| Modern Bureaucratic Leadership | |
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| Consequences of Leadership Styles | |
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| Traditional States | |
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| Modern Bureaucratic States | |
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| Charismatic Rule (Charismatic Leader) | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| The Economic Setting | |
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| Economic Record | |
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| Organization of Economic Activity | |
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| Liberalization and Globalization | |
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| Land Policies | |
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| Agricultural Policies | |
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| Water | |
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| Population | |
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| Industry | |
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| Petroleum | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| International Relations in the Contemporary Middle East, 1945-1990 | |
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| The Great-Power System and the Middle East | |
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| U.S. Foreign Policy | |
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| Soviet Foreign Policy | |
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| Britain and France | |
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| China and Japan | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| International Relations in the Contemporary Middle East, 1945-1990: The Regional Actors | |
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| Palestinian International Action | |
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| OPEC and Islam | |
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| Foreign Policies of Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Iran, and Israel | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| The Middle East and the Changing International Order, 1991-2001 | |
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| Dimensions of the Emerging International Order | |
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| The Middle East in the Emerging International Order | |
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| The Arabs and the Israelis | |
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| Superpowers and Great Powers | |
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| Middle Eastern States | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| International Relations in the Twenty-first Century | |
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| Did 9/11 Change Everything? | |
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| Re-emergence of Iraq | |
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| Two Coalitions | |
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| The Middle East Quartet | |
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| Regional Actors | |
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| World Public Opinion | |
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| War | |
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| Occupation | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Internet Resources | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Index | |