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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Surveying Principles | |
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| Surveying Fundamentals | |
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| Surveying Defined | |
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| Surveying: General Background | |
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| Control Surveys | |
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| Preliminary Surveys | |
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| Surveying Instruments | |
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| Construction Surveys | |
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| Distance Measurement | |
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| Angle Measurement | |
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| Position Measurement | |
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| Units of Measurement | |
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| Stationing | |
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| Types of Construction Projects | |
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| Random and Systematic Errors | |
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| Accuracy and Precision | |
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| Mistakes | |
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| Field Notes | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Distance Measurement | |
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| Methods of Linear Measurement | |
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| Gunter's Chain | |
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| Tapes | |
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| Steel Tapes | |
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| Taping Accessories and Their Use | |
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| Taping Techniques | |
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| Taping Corrections | |
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| Systematic Taping Errors and Corrections | |
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| Random Taping Errors | |
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| Techniques for "Ordinary" Taping Precision | |
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| Mistakes in Taping | |
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| Field Notes for Taping | |
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| Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM) | |
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| Electronic Angle Measurement | |
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| Principles of Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM) | |
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| EDM Characteristics | |
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| Prisms | |
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| EDM Instrument Accuracies | |
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| EDM Operation | |
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| Geometry of Electronic Distance Measurements | |
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| EDM Without Reflecting Prisms | |
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| Problems | |
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| Leveling | |
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| General Background | |
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| Theory of Differential Leveling | |
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| Curvature and Refraction | |
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| Types of Surveying Levels | |
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| Leveling Rods | |
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| Definitions for Differential Leveling | |
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| Techniques of Leveling | |
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| Benchmark Leveling (Vertical Control Surveys) | |
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| Profile and Cross-Section Leveling | |
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| Reciprocal Leveling | |
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| Peg Test | |
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| Three-Wire Leveling | |
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| Trigonometric Leveling | |
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| Level Loop Adjustments | |
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| Suggestions for Rod Work | |
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| Suggestions for Instrument Work | |
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| Mistakes in Leveling | |
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| Problems | |
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| Angles and Theodolites | |
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| General Background | |
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| Reference Directions for Vertical Angles | |
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| Meridians | |
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| Horizontal Angles | |
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| Theodolites | |
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| Electronic Theodolites | |
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| Theodolite/Total Station Setup | |
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| Repeating Optical Theodolites | |
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| Angle Measurement with an Optical Theodolite | |
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| Direction Optical Theodolites | |
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| Angles Measured with a Direction Theodolite | |
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| Geometry of the Theodolite and Total Station | |
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| Adjustment of the Theodolite and Total Station | |
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| Laying Off Angles | |
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| Prolonging a Straight Line (Double Centering) | |
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| Bucking-In (Interlining) | |
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| Intersection of Two Straight Lines | |
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| Prolonging a Measured Line by Triangulation over an Obstacle | |
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| Prolonging a Line Past an Obstacle | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Total Stations | |
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| General Background | |
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| Total Station Capabilities | |
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| Total Station Field Techniques | |
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| Field Procedures for Total Stations in Topographic Surveys | |
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| Field-Generated Graphics | |
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| Construction Layout Using Total Stations | |
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| Motorized Total Stations | |
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| Summary of Modern Total Station Characteristics and Capabilities | |
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| Instruments Combining Total Station Capabilities and GPS Receiver Capabilities | |
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| Portable/Handheld Total Stations | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Traverse Surveys and Computations | |
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| General Background | |
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| Balancing Field Angles | |
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| Meridians | |
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| Bearings | |
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| Azimuths | |
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| Latitudes and Departures | |
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| Traverse Precision and Accuracy | |
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| Compass Rule Adjustment | |
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| Effects of Traverse Adjustments on Measured Angles and Distances | |
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| Omitted Measurement Computations | |
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| Rectangular Coordinates of Traverse Stations | |
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| Area of a Closed Traverse by the Coordinate Method | |
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| Problems | |
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| An Introduction to Geomatics | |
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| Geomatics Defined | |
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| Branches of Geomatics | |
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| Data-Collection Branch | |
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| Design and Plotting | |
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| Contours | |
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| Aerial Photography | |
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| Airborne and Satellite Imagery | |
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| Remote-Sensing Satellites | |
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| Geographic Information System (GIS) | |
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| Database Management | |
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| Metadata | |
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| Spatial Entities or Features | |
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| Typical Data Representation | |
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| Spatial Data Models | |
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| GIS Data Structures | |
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| Topology | |
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| Remote Sensing Internet Web Sites and Further Reading | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Problems | |
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| Satellite Positioning | |
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| General Background | |
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| Global Positioning System | |
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| Receivers | |
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| Satellite Constellations | |
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| GPS Satellite Signals | |
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| Position Measurements | |
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| Errors | |
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| Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS) | |
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| Canadian Active Control System | |
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| Survey Planning | |
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| GPS Field Procedures | |
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| GPS Applications | |
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| Vertical Positioning | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| GPS Glossary | |
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| Recommended Readings | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Horizontal Control Surveys | |
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| General Background | |
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| Plane Coordinate Grids | |
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| Lambert Projection | |
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| Transverse Mercator Grid System | |
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| Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Grid System | |
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| Use of Grid Coordinates | |
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| Illustrative Examples | |
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| Horizontal Control Techniques | |
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| Project Control | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Problems | |
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| Construction Applications: General Background | |
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| Modern Construction Surveying Practices | |
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| General Background | |
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| Grade | |
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| Machine Guidance and Control | |
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| Three-Dimensional Data Files | |
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| Summary of the 3D Design Process | |
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| Web Site References for Data Collection, DTM, and Civil Design | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Highway Curves | |
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| Route Surveys | |
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| Circular Curves: General Background | |
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| Circular Curve Geometry | |
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| Circular Curve Deflections | |
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| Chord Calculations | |
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| Metric Considerations | |
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| Field Procedure | |
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| Moving up on the Curve | |
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| Offset Curves | |
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| Compound Circular Curves | |
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| Reverse Curves | |
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| Vertical Curves: General Background | |
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| Geometric Properties of the Parabola | |
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| Computation of the High or the Low Point on a Vertical Curve | |
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| Computing a Vertical Curve | |
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| Design Considerations | |
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| Spiral Curves: General Background | |
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| Spiral Curve Computations | |
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| Spiral Layout Procedure Summary | |
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| Approximate Solution for Spiral Problems | |
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| Superelevation: General Background | |
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| Superelevation Design | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Problems | |
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| Highway Construction Surveys | |
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| Preliminary (Preengineering) Surveys | |
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| Highway Design | |
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| Highway Construction Layout | |
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| Clearing, Grubbing, and Stripping Topsoil | |
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| Placement of Slope Stakes | |
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| Layout for Line and Grade | |
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| Grade Transfer | |
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| Ditch Construction | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Municipal Street Construction Surveys | |
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| General Background | |
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| Classification of Roads and Streets | |
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| Road Allowances | |
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| Road Cross Sections | |
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| Plan and Profile | |
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| Establishing Centerline ([characters not reproducible]) | |
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| Establishing Offset Lines and Construction Control | |
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| Construction Grades for a Curbed Street | |
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| Street Intersections | |
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| Sidewalk Construction | |
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| Site Grading | |
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| Problems | |
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| Pipeline and Tunnel Construction Surveys | |
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| Pipeline Construction | |
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| Sewer Construction | |
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| Layout for Line and Grade | |
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| Catch-Basin Construction Layout | |
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| Tunnel Construction | |
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| Problems | |
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| Culvert and Bridge Construction Surveys | |
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| Culvert Construction | |
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| Culvert Reconstruction | |
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| Bridge Construction: General Background | |
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| Contract Drawings | |
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| Layout Computations | |
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| Offset Distance Computations | |
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| Dimension Verification | |
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| Vertical Control | |
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| Cross Sections for Footing Excavations | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Building Construction Surveys | |
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| Building Construction: General Background | |
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| Single-Story Construction | |
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| Multistory Construction | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Quantity and Final Surveys | |
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| Construction Quantity Measurements: General Background | |
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| Area Computations | |
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| Area by Graphical Analysis | |
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| Construction Volumes | |
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| Cross Sections, End Areas, and Volumes | |
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| Prismoidal Formula | |
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| Volume Computations by Geometric Formulas | |
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| Final (As-Built) Surveys | |
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| Problems | |
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| Trigonometry and Coordinate Geometry Review | |
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| Trigonometric Definitions and Identities | |
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| Coordinate Geometry | |
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| Surveying and Mapping Web Sites | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Typical Field Projects | |
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| Field Notes | |
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| Project 1: Building Measurements | |
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| Project 2: Experiment to Determine Normal Tension | |
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| Project 3: Field Traverse Measurements with a Steel Tape | |
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| Project 4: Differential Leveling | |
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| Project 5: Traverse Angle Measurements and Closure Computations | |
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| Project 6: Topographic Survey | |
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| Project 7: Building Layout | |
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| Project 8: Horizontal Curve | |
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| Project 9: Pipeline Layout | |
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| Answers to Selected Problems | |
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| Steel Tape Corrections | |
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| Erroneous Tape-Length Corrections | |
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| Temperature Corrections | |
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| Tension and Sag Corrections | |
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| Problems | |
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| Early Surveying | |
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| Evolution of Surveying | |
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| Dumpy Level | |
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| The Engineer's Vernier Transit | |
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| Stadia | |
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| Problems | |
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| Illustrations of Machine Control and of Various Data-Capture Techniques | |
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| Index | |