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| Physical Constants | |
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| Preface | |
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| Nature of Light | |
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| Introduction | |
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| A Brief History | |
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| Particles and Photons | |
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| The Electromagnetic Spectrum | |
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| Radiometry | |
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| Problems | |
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| Geometrical Optics | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Huygens' Principle | |
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| Fermat's Principle | |
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| Principle of Reversibility | |
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| Reflection in Plane Mirrors | |
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| Refraction Through Plane Surfaces | |
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| Imaging by an Optical System | |
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| Reflection at a Spherical Surface | |
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| Refraction at a Spherical Surface | |
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| Thin Lenses | |
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| Vergence and Refractive Power | |
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| Newtonian Equation for the Thin Lens | |
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| Cylindrical Lenses | |
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| Problems | |
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| Optical Instrumentation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Stops, Pupils, and Windows | |
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| A Brief Look at Aberrations | |
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| Prisms | |
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| The Camera | |
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| Simple Magnifiers and Eyepieces | |
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| Microscopes | |
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| Telescopes | |
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| Problems | |
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| Wave Equations | |
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| Introduction | |
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| One-Dimensional Wave Equation | |
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| Harmonic Waves | |
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| Complex Numbers | |
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| Harmonic Waves as Complex Functions | |
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| Plane Waves | |
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| Spherical Waves | |
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| Other Harmonic Waveforms | |
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| Electromagnetic Waves | |
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| Light Polarization | |
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| Doppler Effect | |
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| Problems | |
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| Superposition of Waves | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Superposition Principle | |
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| Superposition of Waves of the Same Frequency | |
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| Random and Coherent Sources | |
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| Standing Waves | |
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| The Beat Phenomenon | |
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| Phase and Group Velocities | |
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| Problems | |
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| Properties of Lasers | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Energy Quantization in Light and Matter | |
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| Thermal Equilibrium and Blackbody Radiation | |
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| Nonlaser Sources of Electromagnetic Radiation | |
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| Einstein's Theory of Light-Matter Interaction | |
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| Essential Elements of a Laser | |
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| Simplified Description of Laser Operation | |
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| Characteristics of Laser Light | |
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| Laser Types and Parameters | |
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| Problems | |
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| Interference of Light | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Two-Beam Interference | |
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| Young's Double-Slit Experiment | |
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| Double-Slit Interference with Virtual Sources | |
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| Interference in Dielectric Films | |
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| Fringes of Equal Thickness | |
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| Newton's Rings | |
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| Film-Thickness Measurement by Interference | |
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| Stokes Relations | |
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| Multiple-Beam Interference in a Parallel Plate | |
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| Problems | |
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| Optical Interferometry | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Michelson Interferometer | |
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| Applications of the Michelson Interferometer | |
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| Variations of the Michelson Interferometer | |
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| The Fabry-Perot Interferometer | |
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| Fabry-Perot Transmission: The Airy Function | |
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| Scanning Fabry-Perot Interferometer | |
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| Variable-Input-Frequency Fabry-Perot Interferometers | |
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| Lasers and the Fabry-Perot Cavity | |
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| Fabry-Perot Figures of Merit | |
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| Gravitational Wave Detectors | |
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| Problems | |
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| Coherence | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Fourier Analysis | |
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| Fourier Analysis of a Finite Harmonic Wave Train | |
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| Temporal Coherence and Line Width | |
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| Partial Coherence | |
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| Spatial Coherence | |
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| Spatial Coherence Width | |
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| Problems | |
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| Fiber Optics | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Applications | |
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| Communications System Overview | |
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| Bandwidth and Data Rate | |
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| Optics of Propagation | |
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| Allowed Modes | |
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| Attenuation | |
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| Distortion | |
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| High-Bit-Rate Optical-Fiber Communications | |
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| Problems | |
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| Fraunhofer Diffraction | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Diffraction from a Single Slit | |
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| Beam Spreading | |
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| Rectangular and Circular Apertures | |
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| Resolution | |
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| Double-Slit Diffraction | |
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| Diffraction from Many Slits | |
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| Problems | |
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| The Diffraction Grating | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Grating Equation | |
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| Free Spectral Range of a Grating | |
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| Dispersion of a Grating | |
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| Resolution of a Grating | |
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| Types of Gratings | |
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| Blazed Gratings | |
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| Grating Replicas | |
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| Interference Gratings | |
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| Grating Instruments | |
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| Problems | |
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| Fresnel Diffraction | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Fresnel-Kirchhoff Diffraction Integral | |
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| Criterion for Fresnel Diffraction | |
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| The Obliquity Factor | |
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| Fresnel Diffraction from Circular Apertures | |
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| Phase Shift of the Diffracted Light | |
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| The Fresnel Zone Plate | |
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| Fresnel Diffraction from Apertures with Rectangular Symmetry | |
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| The Cornu Spiral | |
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| Applications of the Cornu Spiral | |
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| Babinet's Principle | |
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| Problems | |
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| Matrix Treatment of Polarization | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Mathematical Representation of Polarized Light: Jones Vectors | |
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| Mathematical Representation of Polarizers: Jones Matrices | |
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| Problems | |
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| Production of Polarized Light | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Dichroism: Polarization by Selective Absorption | |
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| Polarization by Reflection from Dielectric Surfaces | |
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| Polarization by Scattering | |
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| Birefringence: Polarization with Two Refractive Indices | |
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| Double Refraction | |
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| Optical Activity | |
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| Photoelasticity | |
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| Problems | |
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| Holography | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Conventional Versus Holographic Photography | |
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| Hologram of a Point Source | |
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| Hologram of an Extended Object | |
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| Hologram Properties | |
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| White-Light (Rainbow) Holograms | |
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| Other Applications of Holography | |
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| Problems | |
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| Optical Detectors and Displays | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Thermal Detectors of Radiation | |
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| Quantum Detectors of Radiation | |
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| Image Detection | |
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| Optical Detectors: Noise and Sensitivity | |
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| Optical Displays | |
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| Problems | |
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| Matrix Methods in Paraxial Optics | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Thick Lens | |
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| The Matrix Method | |
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| The Translation Matrix | |
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| The Refraction Matrix | |
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| The Reflection Matrix | |
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| Thick-Lens and Thin-Lens Matrices | |
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| System Ray-Transfer Matrix | |
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| Significance of System Matrix Elements | |
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| Location of Cardinal Points for an Optical System | |
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| Examples Using the System Matrix and Cardinal Points | |
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| Ray Tracing | |
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| Problems | |
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| Optics of the Eye | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Biological Structure of the Eye | |
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| Photometry | |
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| Optical Representation of the Eye | |
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| Functions of the Eye | |
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| Vision Correction with External Lenses | |
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| Surgical Vision Correction | |
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| Problems | |
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| Aberration Theory | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Ray and Wave Aberrations | |
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| Third-Order Treatment of Refraction at a Spherical Interface | |
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| Spherical Aberration | |
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| Coma | |
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| Astigmatism and Curvature of Field | |
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| Distortion | |
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| Chromatic Aberration | |
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| Problems | |
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| Fourier Optics | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Optical Data Imaging and Processing | |
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| Fourier-Transform Spectroscopy | |
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| Problems | |
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| Theory of Multilayer Films | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Transfer Matrix | |
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| Reflectance at Normal Incidence | |
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| Two-Layer Antireflecting Films | |
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| Three-Layer Antireflecting Films | |
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| High-Reflectance Layers | |
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| Problems | |
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| Fresnel Equations | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Fresnel Equations | |
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| External and Internal Reflections | |
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| Phase Changes on Reflection | |
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| Conservation of Energy | |
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| Evanescent Waves | |
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| Complex Refractive Index | |
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| Reflection from Metals | |
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| Problems | |
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| Nonlinear Optics and the Modulation of Light | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Nonlinear Medium | |
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| Second Harmonic Generation and Frequency Mixing | |
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| Electro-optic Effects | |
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| The Faraday Effect | |
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| The Acousto-optic Effect | |
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| Optical Phase Conjugation | |
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| Optical Nonlinearities in Fibers | |
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| Problems | |
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| Optical Properties of Materials | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Polarization of a Dielectric Medium | |
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| Propagation of Light Waves in a Dielectric | |
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| Conduction Current in a Metal | |
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| Propagation of Light Waves in a Metal | |
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| Skin Depth | |
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| Plasma Frequency | |
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| Problems | |
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| Laser Operation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Rate Equations | |
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| Absorption | |
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| Gain Media | |
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| Steady-State Laser Output | |
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| Homogeneous Broadening | |
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| Inhomogeneous Broadening | |
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| Time-Dependent Phenomena | |
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| Pulsed Operation | |
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| Some Important Laser Systems | |
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| Diode Lasers | |
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| Problems | |
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| Characteristics of Laser Beams | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Three-Dimensional Wave Equation and Electromagnetic Waves | |
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| Gaussian Beams | |
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| Spot Size and Radius of Curvature of a Gaussian Beam | |
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| Characteristics of Gaussian Beams | |
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| Modes of Spherical Mirror Cavities | |
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| Laser Propagation Through Arbitrary Optical Systems | |
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| Higher-Order Gaussian Beams | |
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| Problems | |
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| Selected Modern Applications | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Overview of Laser Applications | |
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| Lasers in Medicine | |
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| Remote Sensing | |
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| Ultrashort Pulse Production and Applications | |
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| Laser Cooling and Trapping | |
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| Optical Parametric Oscillators | |
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| Near-Field Microscopy | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Answers to Selected Problems | |
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| Index | |