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Preface | |
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Introduction | |
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Soil | |
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Soil and Sustainability | |
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What Is Soil? | |
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How Do Soils Form? | |
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Minerals and Organic Matter | |
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Size and Organization of Particles | |
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Soil Pores | |
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Surface Reactions and Transfer Processes | |
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Soil as an Ecosystem | |
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Soil Morphology | |
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Soil Formation | |
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Soil Classification | |
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Soil Taxonomy | |
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Soil Series | |
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Soil Management | |
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Summary | |
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Questions | |
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Solids and Pores | |
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Particle Sizes | |
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The Coarse Fraction | |
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The Fine-Earth Fraction | |
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Soil Texture | |
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Particle Size Analysis | |
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Particle Arrangement | |
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Aggregate Shape | |
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The Revelance of Soil Texture, Structure and Depth | |
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Aggregate Size | |
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Aggregate Grade | |
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Mode of Formation | |
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Soil Minerals | |
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General Properties | |
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Silicate Minerals of Sand and Silt | |
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Minerals of the Clay Fraction | |
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Common Use of Clay Minerals | |
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Soil Organic Matter and Humus | |
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Coarse Organic Materials | |
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Colloidal Fraction | |
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Soil Color and Consistence | |
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Pores | |
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Summary | |
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Questions | |
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Further Reading | |
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Web Resources | |
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Additional Particle Size Classifications and Methods to Display Data | |
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Stokes' Law | |
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Mineral Formulas and Structures | |
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Charge in lons | |
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Liquids and Gases | |
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Soil Air | |
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Composition | |
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Air Movement | |
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Air-Water Relationships | |
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Porosity | |
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Bulk Density and Void Ratio | |
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Soil Water | |
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Characteristics of Water | |
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Soil Density | |
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Pore Water Composition | |
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Soil Water Amounts | |
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Solid-Liquid Interactions | |
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Ion Exchange | |
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Specific Adsorption Reactions | |
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Weak Sorption Reactions | |
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Organic Chemicals and Their Adsorption | |
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Nonpolar Substances | |
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Polar Nonionic Substances | |
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Adsorption Isotherms | |
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Pore Retention | |
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Summary | |
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Questions | |
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Further Reading | |
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Measuring CEC | |
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Example CEC Calculations | |
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pH | |
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Partial Pressure and Gas Solubility | |
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Measuring Bulk Density | |
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Organic Electrolytes | |
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Soil Climate | |
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Sunshine: Irradiation and Heating | |
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Radiant Energy | |
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Radiant Heating and Heat Dissipation | |
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Movement of Heat through Soil and Other Media | |
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Conduction (Diffusive Transfer) | |
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Consequences of Exchanges Between the Air and Ground Surface | |
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Heat Capacity, Conductivity, and Temperature Gradients | |
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Turbulence and Heat Flow in Air and Water | |
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Principles in Action: Controlling Soil Climates | |
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Summary of Principles | |
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Seasonal and Geographic Variations in Soil Climate | |
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Management of Soil Temperature | |
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Summary | |
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Questions | |
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Further Reading | |
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Forms of Radiation | |
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Movement of Heat, Water, Gases, and Solutes | |
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Water in the Soil-Plant System | |
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Water Storage in Soil | |
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Water Retention and Capacity | |
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Water Content and Water Potential | |
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Modes of Water Movement | |
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Vapor Flow and Liquid Flow | |
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Saturated and Unsaturated Liquid Flow in Soil | |
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Water Flow in Stratified Soils | |
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Preferential Flow | |
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Principles of Water Movement | |
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Forces That Move Water | |
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Water Potential and Water Movement | |
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Pollutant Transport in Soils | |
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Factors Affecting Water Potentials | |
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Potential Differences and Gradients | |
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Constraints to Water Movement | |
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Conductivity in Soil | |
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Conductivity in Soil-Plant Systems | |
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Water Stress in Plants | |
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Evapotranspiration | |
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Factors Controlling Evaporation and Transpiration | |
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Measurement of Water Use | |
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Water Movement and Environment | |
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Summary | |
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Questions | |
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Further Reading | |
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Capillarity | |
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Managing Soil Water | |
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Water Management Concepts | |
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Nonirrigated Land | |
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Irrigated Agriculture | |
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Water Extraction and Infiltration Patterns | |
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Extraction by Plants | |
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Infiltration | |
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Irrigation Methods | |
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Flood and Furrow Irrigation | |
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Sprinkler and Drip Irrigation | |
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Drainage | |
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Water Use Efficiency | |
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Biomass-Transpiration Ratio | |
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Biomass-Evapotranspiration Ratio | |
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Growth per Unit of Water Applied (or Available) | |
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Land and Water Management | |
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Yield Efficiency and Economic Efficiency | |
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Summary | |
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Questions | |
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Further Reading | |
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Soil Organisms | |
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Soil Communities | |
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Kinds of Organisms in Soil | |
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Proliferation, Spread, and Survival | |
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Requirements and Adaptations of Microbes | |
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Large Organisms | |
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Plants and Their Roots | |
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Soil Animals | |
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Soil Microorganisms | |
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Protozoa and Algae | |
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Nematodes | |
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Fungi | |
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Bacteria (Monera) | |
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Viruses | |
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Constraints and Adaptations | |
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Physical Constraints | |
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Acidity, Salinity, and Other Chemical Inhibitors | |
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Nutritional Constraints: Nitrogen | |
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Nutritional Constraints: Energy and Carbon | |
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Associations of Microorganisms with Plants | |
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Rhizosphere Organisms | |
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Root Pathogens and Parasites | |
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Symbioses between Plants and Soil Microorganisms | |
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Summary | |
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Questions | |
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Environmental Bugs | |
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Further Reading | |
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Web Resources | |
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Rhizobium-Legume Symbioses | |
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Mycorrhizae | |
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Nutritional Adaptations | |
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Miorobial Processes | |
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Decomposition of Organic Matter | |
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General Process of Organic-Matter Decay | |
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Carbon Dioxide Production and Oxygen Consumption | |
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Humus Formation | |
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Release and Immobilization of N and Other Nutrients | |
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Decay Rates and Controlling Factors | |
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Managing Soil Organic Matter | |
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Carbon Sequestration | |
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Oxidation of Ammonium, Sulfur, Iron, and Manganese | |
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Processes | |
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Requirements and Consequences | |
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Anoxic Processes | |
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Depletion of Oxygen: Reducing Conditions | |
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Flooded Soils | |
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Carbon and Nitrogen Cycles | |
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Carbon Cycling in the Soil-Plant System | |
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Nitrogen Cycling in the Soil-Plant System | |
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Nitrogen Cycling and Soil Fertility | |
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The Work of Microbes | |
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Biodegradation of Chemicals in Soil | |
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Biodegradation, Sorption, and Diffusion | |
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Bioremediation | |
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Summary | |
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Questions | |
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Further Reading | |
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Biological Compounds | |
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Oxidation and Reduction | |
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Mineral Nutrients in Soils and Plants | |
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Nutrient Elements in Plants | |
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Elemental Composition of Plants | |
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Forms and Functions of Nutrients in Plants | |
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Uptake and Movement of Nutrients within Plants | |
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Retention and Release of Nutrients in Soil | |
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Soil Solution and Solid Nutrient Reserves | |
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Release Processes | |
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Movement of Ions to Roots | |
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Significance and Processes | |
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Nutrient Transport Rates | |
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Nutrient Mobility in Soil | |
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Root Growth and Development | |
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Characteristics and Functions of Root Systems | |
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Factors Affecting Root Development | |
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Nutrient Availability and Deficiency | |
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Nutrients, Fertilizers, and Sustainable Land Use | |
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Summary | |
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Questions | |
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Further Reading | |
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Nutrient Elements in Plants | |
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Nutrient Reserves and Release in Soil | |
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Nutrient Availability and Soil pH | |
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Managing Plant Nutrients | |
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Fertilizers | |
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Common Fertilizer Materials | |
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Comparisons and Choices | |
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Determining Fertilizer Needs: Deficiency Diagnosis | |
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Kinds of Diagnoses | |
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Nutrient Response Summary | |
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Questions | |
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Experiments with Plants | |
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Supplemental Diagnostic Procedures | |
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Fertilizer Efficiency and Nutrient Conservation | |
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Methods and Timing of Fertilizer Application | |
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Nutrient Cycling and the Control of Losses | |
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Farming by Soil | |
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Improving Nutrient Efficiency of Plants | |
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Nutrients Efficiency, Energy Conservation and Soil Conservation | |
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Summary | |
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Questions | |
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Further Reading | |
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Web Resources | |
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Fertilizers: Specifications and Calculations | |
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Acidity and Salinity | |
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Acidity and Related Problems | |
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Nature and Causes | |
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Effects of Acidity, Al, and Mn | |
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Management of Soil Acidity | |
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Salinity and Related Problems | |
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Nature and Causes | |
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Effects of Salinity, Sodicity, and Alkalinity | |
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Management of Saline and Sodic Soils | |
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Acid Precipitation | |
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Summary | |
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Questions | |
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Further Reading | |
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Acids, Bases, and Exchangeable Bases | |
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Aluminum and Manganese Reactions | |
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Acidifying and Alkalinizing Reactions | |
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pH Buffering and Lime Requirements | |
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Diagnostic Tests | |
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Salt, Cations, and Colloid Dispersion | |
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Acid Precipitation in Cool, Humid Forests | |
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Soil Genesis | |
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Factors of Soil Formation | |
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Parent Material | |
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Soil Stability, Nuclear Plants, and Sustainable Agriculture | |
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Climate | |
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Dust | |
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Topography | |
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Biota | |
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Time | |
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People as Soil Formers | |
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A Soil Formation Equation | |
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Soil-Forming Factors: Some Interactions | |
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Wetlands | |
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Processes of Soil Formation | |
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Physical Weathering | |
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Chemical Weathering | |
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Translocation | |
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Clay Formation | |
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Products | |
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Mineral Soils | |
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Organic Soils | |
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Hydric Soils | |
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Summary | |
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Questions | |
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Further Reading | |
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Acidification | |
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Solution | |
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Clay Formation | |
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Soil Information | |
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Kinds of Soil Information | |
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Geographic Data | |
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Point Data | |
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Soil Variability | |
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Collecting and Displaying Information | |
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Making a Soil Map | |
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Remote Sensing | |
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Geographic Data Handling | |
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Summary | |
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Questions | |
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Soil Survey as Resource Base | |
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Further Reading | |
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Web Resources | |
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Section-Range System | |
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Orders of the Soil Survey | |
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Organizing Soils Information | |
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Natural Systems | |
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Why Organize Information? | |
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Kinds of Organization | |
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Soil Taxonomy | |
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Sustainable Agriculture | |
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Other Systems | |
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Interpretive Systems | |
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USDA Land Capability Classification | |
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Appropriate Land Use | |
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Timber and Range Site Indices | |
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Special-Purpose Groupings | |
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Summary | |
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Questions | |
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Further Reading | |
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Web Resources | |
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Suborders: An Example | |
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The Canadian and WRB Soil Classification Systems | |
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The Storie Index System | |
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Soil Degradation | |
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Soil Erosion | |
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Water Erosion | |
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Air and Water Quality | |
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Wind Erosion | |
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Gravity Erosion (Mass Wasting) | |
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Physical Degradation | |
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Surface Crusts and Seals | |
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Compaction | |
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Chemical Degradation | |
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Nature of the Problem | |
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Contaminant Interactions with Soil | |
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Treating Contaminated Soils | |
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The MTBE Story | |
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Degradation Control | |
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Erosion Control | |
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Control of Physical Degradation | |
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Special Problems | |
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Desertification | |
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Organic Soil Degradation | |
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Summary | |
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Questions | |
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Further Reading | |
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Web Resources | |
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Nonagricultural Uses of Sils | |
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Waste Disposal on Soils | |
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On-Site Disposal | |
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Off-Site Disposal | |
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Waste Disposal | |
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Engineering Properties | |
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Soil Strength | |
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Atterberg Limits | |
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Shrink-Swell | |
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Recreation and Construction | |
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Recreational Facilities | |
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Construction | |
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Reclaimed and Artificial Soils | |
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Polders | |
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Mine Soils | |
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Turf and Golf Greens | |
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Horticultural Mixes | |
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Urban Soils | |
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Summary | |
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Questions | |
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Further Reading | |
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Web Resources | |
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Perc Test | |
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Suitability Criteria for Recreation | |