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The Nature of Fluids and the Study of Fluid Mechanics | |
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Basic Introductory Concepts | |
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The International System of Units (SI) | |
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The U.S. Customary System | |
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Weight and Mass | |
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Temperature | |
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Consistent Units in an Equation | |
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The Definition of Pressure | |
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Compressibility | |
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Density, Specific Weight, and Specific Gravity | |
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Surface Tension | |
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Viscosity of Fluids | |
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Dynamic Viscosity | |
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Kinematic Viscosity | |
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Newtonian Fluids and Nonnewtonian Fluids | |
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Variation of Viscosity with Temperature | |
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Viscosity Measurement | |
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SAE Viscosity Grades | |
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ISO Viscosity Grades | |
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Hydraulic Fluids for Fluid Power Systems | |
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Pressure Measurement | |
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Absolute and Gage Pressure | |
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Relationship Between Pressure and Elevation | |
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Development of the Pressure-Elevation Relation | |
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Pascal's Paradox | |
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Manometers | |
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Barometers | |
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Pressure Expressed as the Height of a Column of Liquid | |
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Pressure Gages and Transducers | |
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Forces Due to Static Fluids | |
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Gases Under Pressure | |
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Horizontal Flat Surfaces Under Liquids | |
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Rectangular Walls | |
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Submerged Plane Areas General | |
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Development of the General Procedure for Forces on Submerged Plane Areas | |
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Piezometric Head | |
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Distribution of Force on a Submerged Curved Surface | |
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Effect of a Pressure Above the Fluid Surface | |
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Forces on a Curved Surface with Fluid Below It | |
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Forces on Curved Surfaces with Fluid Above and Below | |
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Buoyancy and Stability | |
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Buoyancy | |
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Buoyancy Materials | |
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Stability of Completely Submerged Bodies | |
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Stability of Floating Bodies | |
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Degree of Stability | |
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Flow of Fluids and Bernoulli's Equation | |
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Fluid Flow Rate and the Continuity Equation | |
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Commercially Available Pipe and Tubing | |
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Recommended Velocity of Flow in Pipe and Tubing | |
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Conservation of Energy Bernoulli's Equation | |
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Interpretation of Bernoulli's Equation | |
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Restrictions on Bernoulli's Equation | |
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Applications of Bernoulli's Equation | |
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Torricelli's Theorem | |
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Flow Due to a Falling Head | |
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General Energy Equation | |
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Energy Losses and Additions | |
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Nomenclature of Energy Losses sand Additions | |
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General Energy Equation | |
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Power Required by Pumps | |
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Power Delivered to Fluid Motors | |
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Reynolds Number, Laminar Flow, Turbulent Flow, and Energy Losses Due to Friction | |
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Reynolds Number | |
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Critical Reynolds Numbers | |
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Darcy's Equation | |
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Friction Lass in Laminar Flow | |
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Friction Loss in Turbulent Flow | |
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Equations for Friction Factor | |
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Hazen-Williams Formula for Water Flow | |
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Other Forms of the Hazen-Williams Formula | |
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Nomograph for Solving Hazen-Williams Formula | |
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Velocity Profiles for Circular Sections and Flow in Noncircular Sections | |
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Velocity Profiles | |
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Velocity Profile for Laminar Flow | |
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Velocity Profile for Turbulent Flow | |
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Flow in Noncircular Sections | |
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Minor Losses | |
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Resistance Coefficient | |
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Sudden Enlargement | |
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Exit Loss | |
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Gradual Enlargement | |
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Sudden Contraction | |
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Gradual Contraction | |
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Entrance Loss | |
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Resistance Coefficients for Valves and Fittings | |
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Application of Standard Valves | |
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Pipe Bends | |
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Pressure Drop in Fluid Power Valves | |
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Flow Coefficients for Valves Using Cv | |
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Plastic Valves | |
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Series Pipe Line Systems | |
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Systems | |
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Spreadsheet Aid for Class I Problems | |
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Systems | |
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Systems | |
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Pipeline Design for Structural Integrity | |
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Parallel Pipe Line Systems | |
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Systems with Two Branches | |
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Systems with Three or More Branches Networks | |
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Pump Selection and Application | |
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Parameters Involved in Pump Selection | |
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Types of Pumps | |
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Positive Displacement Pumps | |
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Kinetic Pumps | |
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Performance Data for Centrifugal Pumps | |
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Affinity Laws for Centrifugal Pumps | |
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Manufacturer's Data for Centrifugal Pumps | |
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The Operating Point of a Pump and Pump Selection | |
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Net Positive Suction Head | |
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Suction Line Details | |
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Discharge Line Details | |
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Piping System Design and Pump Selection Procedure | |
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Alternate System Operating Modes | |
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Pump Selection and Specific Speed | |
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Life Cycle Costs for Pumped Fluid System | |
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Software for Piping System Design and Pump Selection | |
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Open Channel Flow | |
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Classification of Open Channel Flow | |
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Hydraulic Radius and Reynolds Number in Open Channel Flow | |
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Kinds of Open Channel Flow | |
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Uniform Steady Flow in Open Channels | |
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The Geometry of Typical Open Channels | |
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The Most Efficient Shapes for Open Channels | |
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Critical Flow and Specific Energy | |
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Hydraulic Jump | |
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Open Channel Flow Measurement | |
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Flow Measurement | |
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Flowmeter Selection Factors | |
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Variable Head Meters | |
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Variable Area Meters | |
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Turbine Flowmeter | |
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Vortex Flowmeter | |
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Magnetic Flowmeter | |
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Ultrasonic Flowmeters | |
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Positive Displacement Meters | |
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Mass Flow Measurement | |
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Velocity Probes | |
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Level Measurement | |
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Computer-Based Data Acquisition and Processing | |
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Forces Due to Fluids in Motion | |
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Force Equation | |
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Impulse-Momentum Equation | |
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Problem-Solving Method Using the Force Equations | |
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Forces on Stationary Objects | |
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Forces on Bends in Pipe Lines | |
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Forces on Moving Objects | |
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Drag and Lift | |
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Drag Force Equation | |
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Pressure Drag | |
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Drag Coefficient | |
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Friction Drag on Spheres in Laminar Flow | |
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Vehicle Drag | |
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Compressibility Effects and Cavitation | |
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Lift and Drag on Airfoils | |
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Fans, Blowers, Compressors, And The Flow Of Gases | |
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Gas Flow Rates and Pressures | |
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Classification of Fans, Blowers, and Compressors | |
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Flow of Compressed Air and Other Gases in Pipes | |
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Flow of Air and Other Gases through Nozzles | |
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Flow Of Air In Ducts | |
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Energy Losses in Ducts | |
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Duct Design | |
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Energy Efficiency and Practical Consideration in Duct Design | |
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Appendixes | |
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Properties of Water | |
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Properties of Common Liquids | |
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Typical Properties of Petroleum Lubricating Oils | |
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Variation of Viscosity with Temperature | |
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Properties of Air | |
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Dimensions of Steel Pipe | |
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Dimensions of Steel Tubing | |
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Dimensions of Type K Copper Tubing | |
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Dimensions of Ductile Iron Pipe | |
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Areas of Circles | |
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Conversion Factors | |
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Properties of Areas | |
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Properties of Solids | |
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Gas Constant, Adiabatic Exponent, and Critical Pressure Ratio for Selected Gases | |
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Answers to Selected Problems | |
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Index | |