| |
| |
| Preface | |
| |
| |
| About the Author | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Definition and Scope of Forensic Science | |
| |
| |
| History and Development of Forensic Science | |
| |
| |
| The Organization of a Crime Laboratory | |
| |
| |
| Services of the Crime Laboratory | |
| |
| |
| The Functions of the Forensic Scientist | |
| |
| |
| Other Forensic Science Services | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| Further References | |
| |
| |
| Case Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Crime Scene | |
| |
| |
| Processing the Crime Scene | |
| |
| |
| Legal Considerations at the Crime Scene | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| Further References | |
| |
| |
| Case Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Physical Evidence | |
| |
| |
| Common Types of Physical Evidence | |
| |
| |
| The Significance of Physical Evidence | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| Further References | |
| |
| |
| Case Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Physical Properties: Glass and Soil | |
| |
| |
| The Metric System | |
| |
| |
| Physical Properties | |
| |
| |
| Comparing Glass Fragments | |
| |
| |
| Glass Fractures | |
| |
| |
| Collection and Preservation of Glass Evidence | |
| |
| |
| Forensic Characteristics of Soil | |
| |
| |
| Collection and Preservation of Soil Evidence | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| Further References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Organic Analysis | |
| |
| |
| Elements and Compounds | |
| |
| |
| Selecting an Analytical Technique | |
| |
| |
| Chromatography | |
| |
| |
| Spectrophotometry | |
| |
| |
| Mass Spectrometry | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| Further References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Inorganic Analysis | |
| |
| |
| Evidence in the Assassination of President Kennedy | |
| |
| |
| The Emission Spectrum of Elements | |
| |
| |
| Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer | |
| |
| |
| The Origin of Emission and Absorption Spectra | |
| |
| |
| Neutron Activation Analysis | |
| |
| |
| X-Ray Diffraction | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| Further References | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Microscope | |
| |
| |
| The Compound Microscope | |
| |
| |
| The Comparison Microscope | |
| |
| |
| The Stereoscopic Microscope | |
| |
| |
| The Polarizing Microscope | |
| |
| |
| The Microspectrophotometer | |
| |
| |
| The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| Further References | |
| |
| |
| Case Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hairs, Fibers, and Paint | |
| |
| |
| Morphology of Hair | |
| |
| |
| Identification and Comparison of Hair | |
| |
| |
| Collection and Preservation of Hair Evidence | |
| |
| |
| Types of Fibers | |
| |
| |
| Identification and Comparison of Man-Made Fibers | |
| |
| |
| Collection and Preservation of Fiber Evidence | |
| |
| |
| Forensic Examination of Paint | |
| |
| |
| Collection and Preservation of Paint Evidence | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| Further References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Drugs | |
| |
| |
| Drug Dependence | |
| |
| |
| Narcotic Drugs | |
| |
| |
| Hallucinogens | |
| |
| |
| Depressants | |
| |
| |
| Stimulants | |
| |
| |
| Club Drugs | |
| |
| |
| Anabolic Steroids | |
| |
| |
| Drug-Control Laws | |
| |
| |
| Drug Identification | |
| |
| |
| Collection and Preservation of Drug Evidence | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| Further References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Forensic Toxicology | |
| |
| |
| Toxicology of Alcohol | |
| |
| |
| The Role of the Toxicologist | |
| |
| |
| Techniques Used in Toxicology | |
| |
| |
| The Significance of Toxicological Findings | |
| |
| |
| The Drug Recognition Expert | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| Further References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Forensic Aspects of Arson and Explosion Investigations | |
| |
| |
| The Chemistry of Fire | |
| |
| |
| Searching the Fire Scene | |
| |
| |
| Collection and Preservation of Arson Evidence | |
| |
| |
| Analysis of Flammable Residues | |
| |
| |
| Types of Explosives | |
| |
| |
| Collection and Analysis of Explosives | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| Further References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Forensic Serology | |
| |
| |
| The Nature of Blood | |
| |
| |
| Immunoassay Techniques | |
| |
| |
| Forensic Characterization of Bloodstains | |
| |
| |
| Stain Patterns of Blood | |
| |
| |
| Principles of Heredity | |
| |
| |
| Forensic Characterization of Semen | |
| |
| |
| Collection of Rape Evidence | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| Further References | |
| |
| |
| |
| DNA: The Indispensable Forensic Science Tool | |
| |
| |
| What Is DNA? | |
| |
| |
| DNA at Work | |
| |
| |
| Replication of DNA | |
| |
| |
| Recombinant DNA: Cutting and Splicing DNA | |
| |
| |
| DNA Typing | |
| |
| |
| Mitochondrial DNA | |
| |
| |
| The Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) | |
| |
| |
| The Collection and Preservation of Biological Evidence for DNA Analysis | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| Further References | |
| |
| |
| Case Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fingerprints | |
| |
| |
| History of Fingerprinting | |
| |
| |
| Fundamental Principles of Fingerprints | |
| |
| |
| Classification of Fingerprints | |
| |
| |
| Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems | |
| |
| |
| Methods of Detecting Fingerprints | |
| |
| |
| Preservation of Developed Prints | |
| |
| |
| Digital Imaging for Fingerprint Enhancement | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| Further References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Firearms, Tool Marks, and Other Impressions | |
| |
| |
| Bullet Comparisons | |
| |
| |
| Cartridge Cases | |
| |
| |
| Automated Firearm Search Systems | |
| |
| |
| Gunpowder Residues | |
| |
| |
| Primer Residues on the Hands | |
| |
| |
| Serial Number Restoration | |
| |
| |
| Collection and Preservation of Firearm Evidence | |
| |
| |
| Tool Marks | |
| |
| |
| Other Impressions | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| Further References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Document and Voice Examination | |
| |
| |
| Handwriting Comparisons | |
| |
| |
| Collection of Handwriting Exemplars | |
| |
| |
| Typescript Comparisons | |
| |
| |
| Photocopier, Printer, and Fax Examination | |
| |
| |
| Alterations, Erasures, and Obliterations | |
| |
| |
| Other Document Problems | |
| |
| |
| Voice Examination | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| Further References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Forensic Science on the Internet | |
| |
| |
| What Is the Internet? | |
| |
| |
| Where to Go on the Internet | |
| |
| |
| Exploring Forensic Science on the WWW | |
| |
| |
| Web Sites You May Wish to Explore | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| Further References | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Future | |
| |
| |
| Further References | |
| |
| |
| Case Readings | |
| |
| |
| Appendices | |
| |
| |
| |
| Guides to the Collection of Physical Evidence--FBI | |
| |
| |
| |
| Instructions for Collecting Gunshot Residue (GSR) | |
| |
| |
| |
| FBI Policy for Submitting DNA Evidence | |
| |
| |
| |
| Chromatographic and Spectrophotometric Parameters for Figures Contained within the Text | |
| |
| |
| |
| Chemical Formulas for Latent Fingerprint Development | |
| |
| |
| |
| Chemical Formulas for Development of Footwear Impressions in Blood | |
| |
| |
| Answers | |
| |
| |
| Index | |