| |
| |
| List of Figures | |
| |
| |
| List of Tables | |
| |
| |
| Preface | |
| |
| |
| Acknowledgments | |
| |
| |
| Trademarks | |
| |
| |
| |
| Architecture and Implementation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Analogy: Piano Architecture | |
| |
| |
| |
| Types of Computer Languages | |
| |
| |
| |
| Why Study Assembly Language? | |
| |
| |
| |
| Prefixes for Binary Multiples | |
| |
| |
| |
| Instruction Set Architectures | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Life Cycle of Computer Architectures | |
| |
| |
| |
| SQUARES: A First Programming Example | |
| |
| |
| |
| Review of Number Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Computer Structures and Data Representations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Computer Structures | |
| |
| |
| |
| Instruction Execution | |
| |
| |
| |
| Classes of Instruction Set Architectures | |
| |
| |
| |
| Migration to 64-Bit Architectures | |
| |
| |
| |
| Itanium Information Units and Data Types | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Program Assembler and Debugger | |
| |
| |
| |
| Programming Environments | |
| |
| |
| |
| Program Development Steps | |
| |
| |
| |
| Comparing Variants of a Source File | |
| |
| |
| |
| Assembler Statement Types | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Functions of a Symbolic Assembler | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Assembly Process | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Linking Process | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Program Debugger | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conventions for Writing Programs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Itanium Instruction Formats and Addressing | |
| |
| |
| |
| Overview of Itanium Instruction Formats | |
| |
| |
| |
| Integer Arithmetic Instructions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Bit Encoding for Itanium Instructions | |
| |
| |
| |
| HEXNUM: Using Arithmetic Instructions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Data Access Instructions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Other ALU Instructions | |
| |
| |
| |
| DOTPROD: Using Data Access Instructions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Itanium Addressing Modes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Addressing in Other Architectures | |
| |
| |
| |
| Comparison, Branches, and Predication | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hardware Basis for Control of Flow | |
| |
| |
| |
| Integer Compare Instructions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Program Branching | |
| |
| |
| |
| DOTLOOP: Using a Counted Loop | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stops, Instruction Groups, and Performance | |
| |
| |
| |
| DOTCLOOP: Using the Loop Count Register | |
| |
| |
| |
| Other Structured Programming Constructs | |
| |
| |
| |
| MAXIMUM: Using Conditional Instructions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Logical Operations, Bit-Shifts, and Bytes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Logical Functions | |
| |
| |
| |
| HEXNUM2: Using Logical Masks | |
| |
| |
| |
| Bit and Field Operations | |
| |
| |
| |
| SCANTEXT: Processing Bytes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Integer Multiplication and Division | |
| |
| |
| |
| DECNUM: Converting an Integer to Decimal Format | |
| |
| |
| |
| Using C for ASCII Input and Output | |
| |
| |
| |
| BACKWARD: Using Byte Manipulations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Subroutines, Procedures, and Functions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Memory Stacks | |
| |
| |
| |
| DECNUM2: Using Stack Operations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Register Stacks | |
| |
| |
| |
| Program Segmentation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Calling Conventions | |
| |
| |
| |
| DECNUM3 and BOOTH: Making a Function | |
| |
| |
| |
| Integer Quotients and Remainders | |
| |
| |
| |
| RANDOM: A Callable Function | |
| |
| |
| |
| Floating-Point Operations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Parallels Between Integer and Floating-Point Instructions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Representations of Floating-Point Values | |
| |
| |
| |
| Copying Floating-Point Data | |
| |
| |
| |
| Floating-Point Arithmetic Instructions | |
| |
| |
| |
| HORNER: Evaluating a Polynomial | |
| |
| |
| |
| Predication Based on Floating-Point Values | |
| |
| |
| |
| Integer Operations in Floating-Point Execution Units | |
| |
| |
| |
| Approximations for Reciprocals and Square Roots | |
| |
| |
| |
| APPROXPI: Using Floating-Point Instructions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Input and Output of Text | |
| |
| |
| |
| File Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Keyboard and Display I/O | |
| |
| |
| |
| SCANTERM: Using C Standard I/O | |
| |
| |
| |
| SORTSTR: Sorting Strings | |
| |
| |
| |
| Text File I/O | |
| |
| |
| |
| SCANFILE: Input and Output with Files | |
| |
| |
| |
| SORTINT: Sorting Integers from a File | |
| |
| |
| |
| Binary Files | |
| |
| |
| |
| Performance Considerations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Processor-Level Parallelism | |
| |
| |
| |
| Instruction-Level Parallelism | |
| |
| |
| |
| Explicit Parallelism in the Itanium Processors | |
| |
| |
| |
| Software-Pipelined Loops | |
| |
| |
| |
| Modulo Scheduling a Loop | |
| |
| |
| |
| Program Optimization Factors | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fibonacci Numbers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Looking at Output from Compilers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Compilers for RISC-like Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Compiling a Simple Program | |
| |
| |
| |
| Optimizing a Simple Program | |
| |
| |
| |
| Inline Optimizations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Profile-Guided or Other Optimizations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Debugging Optimized Programs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Recursion for Fibonacci Numbers Revisited | |
| |
| |
| |
| Parallel Operations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Classification of Computing Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Integer Parallel Operations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Applications to Integer Multiplication | |
| |
| |
| |
| Opportunities and Challenges | |
| |
| |
| |
| Floating-Point Parallel Operations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Semaphore Support for Parallel Processes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Variations Among Implementations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Why Implementations Change | |
| |
| |
| |
| How Implementations Change | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Original Itanium Processor | |
| |
| |
| |
| A Major Role for Software | |
| |
| |
| |
| IA-32 Instruction Set Mode | |
| |
| |
| |
| Determining Extensions and Implementation Version | |
| |
| |
| |
| Command-Line Environments | |
| |
| |
| |
| Suggested System Resources | |
| |
| |
| |
| System Hardware | |
| |
| |
| |
| System Software | |
| |
| |
| |
| Desktop Client Access Software | |
| |
| |
| |
| Itanium Instruction Set | |
| |
| |
| |
| Instructions Listed by Function | |
| |
| |
| |
| Instructions Listed by Assembler Opcode | |
| |
| |
| |
| Itanium Registers and Their Uses | |
| |
| |
| |
| Instruction Pointer | |
| |
| |
| |
| General Registers and NaT Bits | |
| |
| |
| |
| Predicate Registers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Branch Registers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Floating-Point Registers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Application Registers | |
| |
| |
| |
| State Management Registers | |
| |
| |
| |
| System Information Registers | |
| |
| |
| |
| System Control Registers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conditional Assembly and Macros (GCC Assembler) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Interference from Explicit Stops | |
| |
| |
| |
| Repeat Blocks | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conditional Assembly | |
| |
| |
| |
| Macro Processing | |
| |
| |
| |
| Using Labels with Macros | |
| |
| |
| |
| Recursive Macros | |
| |
| |
| |
| Object File Sections | |
| |
| |
| |
| MONEY: A Macro Illustrating Sections | |
| |
| |
| |
| Inline Assembly | |
| |
| |
| |
| HP-UX C Compilers | |
| |
| |
| |
| GCC Compiler for Linux | |
| |
| |
| |
| Intel Compilers for Linux | |
| |
| |
| Bibliography | |
| |
| |
| Answers and Hints for Selected Exercises | |
| |
| |
| Chapter 1 | |
| |
| |
| Chapter 2 | |
| |
| |
| Chapter 3 | |
| |
| |
| Chapter 4 | |
| |
| |
| Chapter 5 | |
| |
| |
| Chapter 6 | |
| |
| |
| Chapter 7 | |
| |
| |
| Chapter 8 | |
| |
| |
| Chapter 9 | |
| |
| |
| Chapter 10 | |
| |
| |
| Chapter 11 | |
| |
| |
| Chapter 12 | |
| |
| |
| Chapter 13 | |
| |
| |
| About the Authors | |
| |
| |
| Index | |