| |
| |
| |
What Are Amphibians And Reptiles? | |
| |
| |
| |
Herpetology as a Field of Study | |
| |
| |
The Diversity of Amphibians and Reptiles | |
| |
| |
Shared Characters of Amphibians and Reptiles | |
| |
| |
Amphibians and Reptiles in Terrestrial Ecosystems | |
| |
| |
Development of Herpetology as a Field of Study | |
| |
| |
The Future of Amphibians and Reptiles | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
The Place of Amphibians and Reptiles in Vertebrate Evolution | |
| |
| |
Phylogenetic Systematics | |
| |
| |
The Transition from fishes to Tetrapods | |
| |
| |
The Ecological Transition in Tetrapod Origins | |
| |
| |
Monophyly of Lissamphibia | |
| |
| |
Two Hypotheses for Relations between Lissamphibians and Paleozoic Amphibians | |
| |
| |
Paedomorphosis in Lissamphibian Evolution | |
| |
| |
Relationships among Extant Orders of Lissamphibia | |
| |
| |
The Radiation of Amniotes | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
Systematics and Diversity of Extant Amphibians | |
| |
| |
Salamanders (Urodela or Caudata) | |
| |
| |
Systematics and Phylogeny of Salamanders | |
| |
| |
Caecilians (Gymnophiona) | |
| |
| |
Systematics and Phylogeny of Caecilians | |
| |
| |
Frogs (Anura) | |
| |
| |
Systematics and Phylogeny of Frogs | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
Systematics and Diversity of Extant Reptiles | |
| |
| |
Turtles (Testudines or Chelonia) | |
| |
| |
Systematics and Phylogeny of Turtles | |
| |
| |
Lepidosauria | |
| |
| |
Tuatara (Rhynchocephalia) | |
| |
| |
Lizards and Snakes (Squamata) | |
| |
| |
Systematics and Phylogeny of Lizards | |
| |
| |
Snakes (Serpentes) | |
| |
| |
Systematics and Phylogeny of Snakes | |
| |
| |
Archosauria: Crocodilians (Crocodylia) | |
| |
| |
Systematics and Phylogeny of Crocodilians | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
The Biogeography of Amphibians and Reptiles | |
| |
| |
The Nature and Scope of Biogeography | |
| |
| |
Biogeographic Processes and Analysis | |
| |
| |
The Geophysical Context for Historical Biogeography | |
| |
| |
Continental Fragmentation and the Biogeography of Amphibians and Reptiles | |
| |
| |
Some Island Patterns | |
| |
| |
Merging Faunas: North and South America, the Great American Interchange, and the West Indies | |
| |
| |
Generating Diversity: Salamanders and Frogs on Tropical Mountains | |
| |
| |
Regional Phylogeography | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
How Do They Work? | |
| |
| |
| |
Temperature and Water Relations | |
| |
| |
Pathways of Energy and Water Exchange | |
| |
| |
Water Uptake and Loss | |
| |
| |
Water in the Lives of Amphibians and Reptiles | |
| |
| |
Heat Gain and Loss | |
| |
| |
Behavioral Aspects of Thermoregulation | |
| |
| |
Cardiovascular Control of Heating and Cooling | |
| |
| |
The Thermal Ecology of Amphibians and Reptiles | |
| |
| |
Freezing Resistance and Freezing Tolerance | |
| |
| |
Evolution of Thermal and Evaporative Characteristics | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
Energetics and Performance | |
| |
| |
Sites of Gas Exchange | |
| |
| |
Patterns of Blood Flow | |
| |
| |
Functions of Intracardiac Shunts | |
| |
| |
ATP Synthesis: Oxidative and Glycolytic Metabolism | |
| |
| |
Energy Costs of Natural Activities | |
| |
| |
Annual Energy Budgets | |
| |
| |
Environmental Variables and Performance | |
| |
| |
Performance and Fitness | |
| |
| |
Trade-Offs | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
Reproduction and Life Histories of Amphibians | |
| |
| |
Sex Determination | |
| |
| |
Reproductive Cycles | |
| |
| |
Modes of Fertilization | |
| |
| |
Hybridogenesis and Gynogenetic Reproduction | |
| |
| |
Reproductive Modes | |
| |
| |
Evolution of Direct Development and Live-Bearing | |
| |
| |
Evolution of | |