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Preface | |
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An Introduction to the Discipline of Philosophy | |
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Philosophy Is Nothing New | |
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Are You Dreaming? | |
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What Is Philosophy? | |
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What Does Philosophy Accomplish? | |
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A Handbook of Style for Philosophy | |
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Writing as Communication | |
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Writing to Learn | |
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Challenge Yourself | |
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The Nature of the Writing Process | |
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Maintaining Self-Confidence | |
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Organizing Your Writing | |
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The Nature of the Process | |
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Selecting a Topic | |
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Narrowing Your Topic | |
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Defining a Purpose | |
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Finding a Thesis | |
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The Thesis Sentence | |
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Defining Your Audience | |
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Invention Strategies | |
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Free Writing | |
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Brainstorming | |
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Asking Questions | |
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Outlining | |
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Outlining for Yourself | |
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Outlining for Your Reader | |
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Formal Outline Papers | |
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Organizing Your Thoughts | |
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The Rough Draft | |
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Language Choices | |
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Level of Formality | |
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Descriptive Language | |
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Revising Your Writing | |
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Editing | |
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Catching Mistakes | |
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Miscues | |
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Proofreading | |
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Writing Competently | |
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General Rules of Grammar and Style | |
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Competent Writing | |
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Consider Your Audience | |
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Aim for Consistency | |
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Have Confidence in What You Know | |
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Eliminate Chronic Errors | |
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Sentence Structure | |
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Fused Sentences | |
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Sentence Fragments | |
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Dangling Modifiers | |
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Parallelism | |
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Pronoun Errors | |
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Its Versus It's | |
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Vague Pronoun References | |
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Pronoun Agreement | |
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Shift in Person | |
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Punctuation | |
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Apostrophes | |
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Capitalization | |
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When to Capitalize | |
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When Not to Capitalize | |
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Colons | |
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Commas | |
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The Comma Splice | |
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Commas in a Compound Sentence | |
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Commas in a Series | |
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Commas with Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Elements | |
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Quotation Marks | |
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When to Use Quotation Marks | |
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Quotation Marks in Relation to Other Punctuation | |
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Semicolons | |
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Spelling | |
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Commonly Confused Words | |
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Commonly Misspelled Words | |
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Technical and Ordinary Usage of Philosophical Terms | |
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Conducting Research in Philosophy | |
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Organizing the Research Process | |
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Gaining Control of the Research Process | |
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Effective Research Methods | |
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Ethical Use of Source Material | |
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Information in Your Library and Similar Places | |
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Information Resources in Your College Library | |
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Directories | |
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Dictionaries | |
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Periodicals | |
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Periodical Indexes | |
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Research Institutes | |
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Philosophy and Cyberspace | |
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Narrow Sources of Information | |
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General Sources of Information | |
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Four Major Directories | |
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Encyclopedias | |
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Directories of Texts | |
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Advice on How to Write a Philosophy Paper | |
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Internet Resources for Writing Well | |
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Advice for Distance Learners | |
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Formats for Philosophy Papers | |
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Getting Started | |
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General Page Format | |
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Title Page | |
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Abstract | |
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Table of Contents | |
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Lists of Tables and Figures | |
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Text | |
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Chapter Headings | |
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Illustrations and Figures | |
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Reference Page | |
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Appendixes | |
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Citing Sources | |
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Preliminary Decisions | |
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What to Document | |
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Which Citation System to Use | |
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The Importance of Consistency | |
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Using the Style Manual | |
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Documentary-Note System: Numbered References | |
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General Format Rules | |
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Numbering System | |
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Placement of Superscript Numerals | |
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Multiple Notes | |
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Models for Documentary Notes and Bibliographical Citations | |
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Differences Between Endnotes and Bibliography | |
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Books | |
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Periodicals | |
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Public Documents | |
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Electronic Sources | |
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Interviews | |
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Unpublished Sources | |
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Subsequent or Shortened References in Notes | |
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How to Think and Write Like a Philosopher | |
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Principles of Argument | |
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The Throws of Argument | |
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The Definition of an Argument | |
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The Two Basic Types of Argument | |
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Validity and Soundness | |
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Deductive Validity | |
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Nondeductive Validity | |
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Cogency | |
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Patterns of Reasoning | |
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Valid Forms of Argument | |
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Tautologies | |
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Modus Ponens | |
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Hypothetical Syllogisms | |
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Modus Tollens | |
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Dilemmas | |
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Indirect Proof or Reductio ad Absurdum | |
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Contradictions | |
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Analogies | |
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Induction by Elimination | |
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Induction by Enumeration | |
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Inference to the Best Explanation | |
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The Hypothetical-Deductive Method | |
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Applications | |
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A Map of How to Arrange a Philosophy Paper | |
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Avoiding Fallacies | |
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Formal Fallacies | |
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Denying the Antecedent | |
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Affirming the Consequent | |
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The Exclusive Fallacy | |
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Informal Fallacies | |
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Susceptibility to Fallacies | |
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Invalid Appeal to Authority | |
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Straw Person | |
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Inconsistency | |
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False Dilemma | |
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Complex Question | |
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Begging the Question | |
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Suppressed Evidence | |
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Lack of Proportion | |
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Appeal to Unknowlable Statistics | |
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Ad Hominem | |
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Guilt by Association | |
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Two Wrongs Make a Right | |
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Equivocation | |
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Appeal to Ignorance | |
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Composition | |
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Division | |
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Hasty Conclusion | |
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Questionable Cause | |
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Questionable Analogy | |
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Appeal to Pity | |
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Appeal to the Stick | |
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Appeal to Loyalty | |
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Provincialism | |
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Popularity | |
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Double Standard | |
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Invincible Ignorance | |
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Identifying Fallacies | |
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Calculating Probabilities | |
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Emotive Language | |
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Writing Sound Arguments | |
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What Is a Position Paper? | |
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The Steps to Writing a Position Paper | |
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Selecting a Topic | |
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Conducting Research | |
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Selecting a Position | |
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Defining Premises | |
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Constructing an Outline | |
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Checking for Fallacies | |
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Writing the Argument | |
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Testing the Argument | |
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Revising the Argument | |
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The Format of a Position Paper | |
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History of Philosophy Papers | |
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A Very Short History of the Great Philosophers | |
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How to Write a History of Philosophy Paper | |
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Hints on Writing History of Philosophy Papers | |
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The Contents of a History of Philosophy Paper | |
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Writing Applied Ethics Papers | |
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What Is Ethics? | |
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The Distinction Between Fact and Value | |
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Approaches to Ethics | |
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Consequentialism | |
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Deontology: Kant | |
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Other Ethical Theories | |
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Perennial Issues for Political Ethics: Justice and Rights | |
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Applying Ethical Theories and Political Philosophy | |
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Professional Codes of Ethics | |
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Analyzing a Professional Code of Ethics | |
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Writing a Personal Ethics Statement | |
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Examples of Famous Statements of Ethics | |
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Kindergarten Wisdom | |
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Ten Commandments | |
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Man is Born in Tao | |
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Declaration of Independence | |
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Humanist Manifesto II | |
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Thus Spoke Zarathustra | |
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The Unabomber Manifesto | |
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Writing Your Own Personal Code of Ethics | |
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Situation 1 | |
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Situation 2 | |
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Situation 3 | |
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Situation 4 | |
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The Contents of a Personal Ethics Statement | |
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Two Sample Student Ethics Statements | |
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Jeremy Scott's Essay | |
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Chris Allen's Essay | |
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Writing a Critique of a Brief Ethics Statement | |
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Target Statement Selection | |
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Target Statement Analysis | |
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System Definition | |
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Criteria Definition | |
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Verify Identification | |
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Error Identification | |
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Conclusion | |
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Sample Student Papers | |
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A Paper from Personal Values: The Matrix | |
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A Paper from Biomedical Ethics: Stem Cell Research | |
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A Group Paper from Moral Issues in Parenting: Should We Be Raising Altruists? | |
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Glossary | |
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Index | |