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List of Cases | |
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List of Figures | |
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Preface | |
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A Map of the Terrain of Ethics | |
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The Levels of Moral Discourse | |
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The Level of the Case | |
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Rules and Rights (Codes of Ethics) | |
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Normative Ethics | |
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Metaethics | |
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A Full Theory of Bioethics | |
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The Hippocratic Oath and Its Challengers: A Brief History | |
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The Hippocratic Tradition | |
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The Hippocratic Oath | |
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Modern Codes in the Hippocratic Tradition | |
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The Collapse of the Hippocratic Tradition | |
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Codes and Oaths Breaking with the Hippocratic Tradition | |
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Sources from Outside Professional Medicine | |
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Defining Death, Abortion, and Animal Welfare: The Basis of Moral Standing | |
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Persons, Humans, and Individuals: The Language of Moral Standing | |
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The Concept of Moral Standing | |
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Moral and Nonmoral Uses of the Term Person | |
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Moral and Nonmoral Uses of the Word Human | |
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Defining Death | |
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A Cardiac Definition of Death | |
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A Whole-Brain-Oriented Definition of Death | |
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The Higher-Brain Definition of Death | |
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Definitions and Moral Standing | |
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Abortion | |
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Symmetry between Definition of Death and Abortion | |
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Possible Basis for a Breakdown in the Symmetry | |
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The Moral Status of Non-Human Animals | |
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Problems in Benefitting and Avoiding Harm to the Patient | |
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What Counts as a Benefit? | |
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Subjective vs. Objective Estimates of Benefit and Harm | |
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Medical vs. Other Personal Benefits | |
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Conflicting Goals within the Medical Sphere | |
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Ways to Balance Benefits and Harms | |
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Bentham and Arithmetic Summing | |
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Comparing the Ratio of Benefits to Harms | |
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First of All, Do No Harm | |
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The Problem of Medical Paternalism | |
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The Ethics of Respect for Persons: Lying, Cheating, and Breaking Promises and Why | |
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Physicians Have Considered Them Ethical | |
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The Principle of Fidelity | |
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The Ethics of Confidentiality | |
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The Principle of Autonomy and the Doctrine of Informed Consent | |
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The Concept of Autonomy | |
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Positive and Negative Rights | |
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Informed Consent, Autonomy, and Therapeutic Privilege | |
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Standards of Disclosure for Consent to Be Adequately Informed | |
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The Principle of Veracity: Lying and the Duty to Tell the Truth | |
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The Change in Physician Attitudes | |
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Accounting for the Change in Attitudes | |
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The Principle of Avoiding Killing | |
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Active Killing vs. Allowing to Die | |
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Distinguishing Active Killing from Allowing to Die | |
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New Legal Initiatives for Physician-Assisted Suicide | |
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Stopping vs. Not Starting | |
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The Distinction Between Direct and Indirect Killing | |
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The Distinction Between Ordinary and Extraordinary Means | |
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The Meaning of the Terms | |
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The Criteria for Classifying Treatments Morally Expendable | |
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The Subjectivity of All Benefit and Harm Assessments | |
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Withholding Food, Fluids, CPR, and Medications | |
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Death and Dying: The Incompetent Patient | |
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Formerly Competent Patients | |
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The Principle of Autonomy Extended | |
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Substituted Judgment | |
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Going Beyond Advance Directives | |
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Mechanisms for Expressing Wishes | |
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Issues to Be Addressed in an Advance Directive | |
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Never-Competent Patients without Family or Other Pre-existing Surrogates | |
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The Principles | |
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The Legal Standard | |
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Who Should Be the Surrogate? | |
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Never-Competent Patients with Family Surrogates | |
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What Is the Standard Underlying This Family Discretion? | |
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Social Ethics of Medicine: Allocation of Resources, Transplantation, and Human Subjects Research | |
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The Need for a Social Ethic for Medicine | |
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The Limits of the Ethics of Individual Relations | |
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The Social Ethical Principles for Medical Ethics | |
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Allocation of Health Care Resources | |
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The Demand for Health Care Services | |
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The Inevitability of Rationing | |
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Ethical Responses to the Pressures for Cost Containment | |
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The Role of the Clinician in Allocation Decisions | |
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Organ Transplantation | |
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Is Performing Transplants "Playing God?" | |
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Procurement of Organs | |
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Organ Allocation | |
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Research Involving Human Subjects | |
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Distinguishing Research and Innovative Therapy | |
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Social Ethics for Research Involving Human Subjects | |
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Human Control of Life: Genetics, Birth Technologies and Modifying Human Nature | |
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The Human as Created and as Creator | |
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Medical Manipulation as Playing God | |
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Having Dominion over the Earth | |
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Genetics and the Control of Human Reproduction | |
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Genetics | |
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New Reproductive Technologies | |
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Resolving Conflicts Among Principles | |
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Different Concepts of Duty | |
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Absolute, Exceptionless Duties | |
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Prima Facie Duties | |
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Duty Proper | |
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Theories of Conflict Resolution | |
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Single Principle Theories | |
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Ranking (Lexically Ordering) Principles | |
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Balancing | |
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Combining Ranking and Balancing | |
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Ways of Reconciling Social Utility and Justice | |
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Translating Principles to Rules | |
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Conclusion | |
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The Virtues in Bioethics | |
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Virtue Lists | |
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Professional Virtues | |
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Secular Virtues | |
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Religious Virtues | |
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Care as a Virtue | |
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Problems with the Virtues | |
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The Wrong Virtue Problem | |
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The Naked Virtue Problem | |
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Conclusion | |
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Appendix | |
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Hippocratic Oath | |
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Principles of Medical Ethics (2001) of the American Medical Association | |
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Index | |