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Introduction to Computer Numerical Control Manufacturing | |
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Chapter Objectives | |
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Introduction | |
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Numerical Control Definition, Its Concepts and Advantages | |
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Definition of Computer Numerical Control and Its Components | |
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Advantages of CNC Compared with NC | |
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Special Requirements for Utilizing CNC | |
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Financial Rewards of CNC Investment | |
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CNC Machining Centers and Turning Centers | |
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Other Types of CNC Equipment | |
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CNC Input and Storage Media | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Review Exercises | |
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Modern Machine Tool Controls | |
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Chapter Objectives | |
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Introduction | |
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Different Types of System Control | |
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Loop Systems for Controlling Tool Movement | |
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Establishing Locations via Cartesian Coordinates | |
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CNC Machine Axes of Motion | |
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Types of Tool Positioning Modes | |
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Units Used for Positioning Coordinates | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Review Exercises | |
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Tooling for Hole and Milling Operations | |
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Chapter Objectives | |
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Introduction | |
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Tooling for Drilling Operations | |
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Carbide Insert Technology | |
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Tooling for Hole Operations that Follow Drilling | |
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Tool Speeds and Feeds for Hole Operations | |
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Tooling for Profile Milling and Facing Operations | |
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Coated Tooling | |
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Tool Speeds and Feeds for Milling Operations | |
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Feed Directions for Milling Operations | |
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Cutting Fluids for CNC Operations | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Review Exercises | |
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Exploring Features of CNC Machining Centers | |
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Chapter Objectives | |
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Introduction | |
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Background on CNC Machining Centers | |
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Tooling Systems Used with Automatic Tool Changers | |
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Methods of Securing Tools in Tool Holders | |
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Methods of Securing Tooling Systems to the CNC Spindle | |
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Automatic Tool Changer Systems | |
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Pallet Loading Systems | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Review Exercises | |
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Review of Basic Blueprint Reading for CNC Programmers | |
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Chapter Objectives | |
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Introduction | |
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Sheet Sizes | |
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Drawing Formats | |
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Interpreting Lines in Drawings | |
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Projection Conventions Used in Drawings | |
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Visualizing 3D Objects from 2D Othographic Views | |
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Auxiliary Views | |
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Sectional Views | |
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Reading Dimensions | |
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Reading Threads and Thread Notes | |
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Reading Surface Finish Symbols and Notes | |
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Reading Material Specifications | |
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Understanding Heat Treatment Notes | |
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Interpreting Surface Coating Notes | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Review Exercises | |
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Bibliography | |
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Review of Basic Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing for CNC Programmers | |
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Chapter Objectives | |
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Introduction | |
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GDT Terminology | |
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Part Form Controls | |
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Datums | |
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Part Profile Controls | |
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Part Location, Orientation, and Runout Controls | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Review Exercises | |
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Bibliography | |
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Mathematics for CNC Programming | |
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Chapter Objectives | |
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Introduction | |
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Determining Sides of Right Triangles | |
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Useful Angle Concepts | |
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Determining Angles of Right Triangles | |
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Oblique Triangles | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Review Exercises | |
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An Overview of CNC Shop Activities | |
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Chapter Objectives | |
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Introduction | |
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Essential CNC Shop Activities | |
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Part Drawing Study | |
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Methodizing of Operations | |
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Deciding on a CNC Machine | |
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Methods of Holding the Part During Machining | |
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Machining Determination | |
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Cutting Conditions | |
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Writing a Part Programming Manuscript | |
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Inputting Programs to the MCU | |
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Setup and Machining Documentation | |
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Setup Procedure | |
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Debugging and Verifying the Program | |
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Part Production | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Review Exercises | |
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Word Address Programming | |
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Chapter Objectives | |
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Introduction | |
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Programming Language Format | |
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Programming Language Terminology | |
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Arrangement of Addresses in a Block | |
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Program and Sequence Numbers (O, N Codes) | |
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Preparatory Functions (G Codes) | |
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Dimension Words (X,Y,Z ... Codes) | |
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Feed Rate (F Code) | |
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Spindle Speed (S Code) | |
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Miscellaneous Machine Functions (M Codes) | |
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Automatic Tool Changing (M06 Code) | |
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Tool Length Offset and Cutter Radius Compensation (H, D Codes) | |
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Comments | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Review Exercises | |
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Programming Hole Operations | |
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Chapter Objectives | |
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Introduction | |
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Fixed or Canned Cycles | |
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Hole Operation Commands | |
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Writing a Hole Operation Program | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Review Exercises | |
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Programming Linear Profiles | |
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Chapter Objectives | |
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Introduction | |
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Linear Interpolation Commands | |
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Writing a Linear Profiling Program | |
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Determining Cutter Offsets for Inclined Line Profiles | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Review Exercises | |
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Programming Circular Profiles | |
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Chapter Objectives | |
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Introduction | |
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Specifying the Plane for Circular Arc Interpolation | |
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Circular Interpolation Commands | |
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Circular Interpolation via Direct Radius Specification | |
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Profiling Arcs at Constant Feed Rate | |
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Determining Cutter Offsets for Line-Arc Profiles | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Review Exercises | |
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Programming with Cutter Diameter Compensation | |
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Chapter Objectives | |
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Introduction | |
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Cutter Diameter Compensation | |
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Advantages of Using Cutter Diameter Compensation | |
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Some Restrictions with Cutter Diameter Compensation | |
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Cutter Diameter Compensation Commands | |
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Cutter Diameter Compensation with Z-Axis Movement | |
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Cutter Diameter Compensation Interruptions | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Review Exercises | |
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Programming with Subprograms | |
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Chapter Objectives | |
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Introduction | |
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Subprogram Concept | |
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Fanuc Commands for Calling a Subprogram and Returning to the Main Program | |
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Additional Subprogram Control Features | |
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General Rules for Subprogramming | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Review Exercises | |
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Introduction to the CNC Lathe | |
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Chapter Objectives | |
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Introduction | |
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Components of Modern CNC Lathes | |
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CNC Lathe Axes of Motion | |
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Basic Lathe Operations | |
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Tooling for CNC Lathe Operations | |
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Tool Speeds and Feeds for Lathe Operations | |
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Feed Directions and Rake Angles for Lathe Operations | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Review Exercises | |
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Fundamental Concepts of CNC Lathe Programming | |
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Chapter Objectives | |
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Introduction | |
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Establishing Locations via Cartesian Coordinates (CNC Lathes) | |
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Types of Tool Positioning Modes (CNC Lathes) | |
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Reference Point, Machining Origin, and Program Origin | |
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Setup Procedures for CNC Lathes | |
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Important Preparatory Functions (G Codes) for Lathes | |
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Important Miscellaneous Functions (M Codes) for Lathes | |
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"Zero Offset" Command | |
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Feed Rate (F Code) | |
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Spindle Speed (S Code) | |
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Spindle Speed with Constant Surface Speed Control | |
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Spindle Speed with Clamp Speed and Constant Surface Speed Controls | |
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Automatic Tool Changing | |
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Linear Interpolation Commands (CNC Lathes) | |
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Determining Cutter Offsets for CNC Lathe Operations | |
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Circular Interpolation Commands (CNC Lathes) | |
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Grooving Commands | |
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Return to Reference Point Command | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Review Exercises | |
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Techniques and Fixed Cycles for CNC Lathe Programming | |
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Chapter Objectives | |
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Introduction | |
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Tool Edge Programming | |
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Tool Nose Radius Compensation Programming | |
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Setting Up Tool Nose Radius Compensation | |
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Some Restrictions with Tool Nose Radius Compensation | |
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Tool Nose Radius Compensation Commands | |
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Turning and Boring Cycle: G90 | |
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Facing Cycle: G94 | |
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Multiple Repetitive Cycles: G70 to G75 | |
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Stock Removal in Turning and Boring Cycle: G71 | |
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Finish Turning and Boring Cycle: G70 | |
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Peck Drilling and Face Grooving Cycle: G74 | |
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Peck Cutoff and Grooving Cycle: G75 | |
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Thread Cutting on CNC Lathes and Turning Centers | |
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Single-Pass Threading Cycle: G32 | |
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Multiple-Pass Threading Cycle: G92 | |
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Multiple Repetitive Threading Cycle: G76 | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Review Exercises | |
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Modern Computer-Aided Part Programming | |
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Chapter Objectives | |
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Introduction | |
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Modern Developments in the Process of CNC Programming | |
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Using an Off-Line Computer to Write and Store Part Programs | |
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An Introduction to Computer-Aided Programming Languages | |
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Elements of the APT Programming Language | |
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Writing a Complete Program in APT | |
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An Introduction to CAD/CAM Technology | |
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The Elements Comprising CAD | |
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The Elements Comprising CAM | |
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Creating a Complete Part Program Using Mastercam CNC Software | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Review Exercises | |
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Elements of the Computer-Controlled Factory | |
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Chapter Objectives | |
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Introduction | |
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Computer-Integrated Manufacturing | |
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Operational Strategies Within CIM | |
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Flexible Manufacturing Systems | |
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Important Elements of Flexible Manufacturing Systems | |
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Flexible Manufacturing Cells | |
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Important Elements of Flexible Manufacturing Cells | |
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Networking Within CIM | |
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Need for Training | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Review Exercises | |
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Verifying Part Programs | |
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Chapter Objectives | |
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Introduction | |
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Predator Simulation Software | |
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System Requirements | |
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Conventions Used in This Chapter | |
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Installation | |
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An Overview of Writing and Verifying Programs | |
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Types of Files Created by Predator | |
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Running an Old Simulation Job Stored on Disk | |
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Running an Old Simulation Job Stored on Disk | |
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Running an Old Simulation Job from C Drive | |
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Preparing a Disk for Storing New Simulation Jobs | |
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Writing a Word Address CNC Program Via the CNC Editor | |
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Using Edit Commands | |
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Using Insert Commands | |
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Using File Commands | |
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Starting the Virtual CNC and Creating Simulation Files | |
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Entering Data into the Setup File on C Drive | |
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Directing the Virtual CNC to Process a Job | |
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Using the Virtual CNC to Inspect a Machined Part | |
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Entering the CNC Editor from Virtual CNC | |
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Creating a New Tool in the Tool Library | |
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Simulating Programs with Cutter Diameter Compensation | |
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Appendix A | |
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Important Safety Precautions | |
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Appendix B | |
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Summary of G Codes for Milling Operations (Fanuc Controllers) | |
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Summary of G Codes for Turning Operations (Fanuc Controllers) | |
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Summary of M Codes for Milling and Turning Operations (Fanuc Controllers) | |
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Summary of Codes for Auxiliary Functions (Fanuc Controllers) | |
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Appendix C | |
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Recommended Speeds and Feeds for Drilling | |
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Recommended Speeds and Feeds for Milling | |
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Recommended Speeds and Feeds for Turning | |
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Appendix D | |
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Summary of Important Machining Formulas | |
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Glossary | |
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Index | |