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| Preface | |
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| About the Author | |
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| Diversity | |
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| Ecology, Environmentalism, and the First Polluters | |
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| Developing and Testing Hypotheses | |
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| Science and Society | |
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| Ecology Is Not Environmentalism | |
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| A Brief History of Earth: The First Billion Years | |
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| Trying to Create Life in a Test Tube | |
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| Oceans and Life | |
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| The Evolution of Photosynthesis | |
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| Oxygen Producers Pollute the Planet | |
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| Evolution and Natural Selection: The Heart of Ecology | |
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| Change, Evolution, and Chance | |
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| The Theory of Natural Selection | |
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| Fitness and Genetic Immortality | |
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| Drifting Continents and Evolution | |
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| Biodiversity and the Bush of Life | |
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| What Causes Speciation? | |
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| Why Does a Species Go Extinct? | |
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| The Ecological Efficiency of Living Things | |
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| Photosynthesis: Converting Sunlight to Carbohydrate | |
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| The Fate of Carbohydrate | |
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| The Ecological Efficiency of Plants | |
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| The Ecological Efficiency of Animals | |
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| Energy Flow Through a Food Chain | |
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| The Costs of Control: Endothermy and Ectothermy | |
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| Climate | |
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| The Solar Connection | |
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| Priming the Climate Engine | |
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| Frontal Systems | |
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| Oceanic Influences | |
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| Cycles of Climate Change | |
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| Biomes: The Great Vegetation Types | |
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| Tundra | |
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| Boreal Forest | |
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| Temperate Forest | |
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| Prairies and Grasslands | |
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| Chaparral | |
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| Desert | |
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| Tropical Forests | |
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| Tropical Mountains | |
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| Oceans | |
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| Estuaries | |
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| Ecosystems, Nutrient Cycles, and Soil | |
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| How Large Is an Ecosystem? | |
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| Getting to the Root of Productivity | |
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| Soil: Our Ultimate Resource | |
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| Soil Maps | |
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| Soil Erosion | |
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| The Importance of Fire | |
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| Ecosystem Functions and Values | |
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| Aquatic Ecosystems | |
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| Marine Systems | |
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| Groundwater | |
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| Surface Freshwater | |
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| What Happened to the Lakes Where Dinosaurs Wallowed? | |
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| The Variability of Natural Lakes and Rivers | |
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| Seasonal Changes in a Lake | |
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| Why Wetlands Aren't Worthless | |
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| What Is a Wetland? | |
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| Water and Wetland Chemistry | |
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| Wetlands as Hydrologic Regulators | |
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| Adaptations to Living in a Swamp | |
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| Wetlands and Wildlife | |
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| Indicators of Ecosystem Quality | |
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| Altering Wetland Functions and Values | |
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| The Restoration of the Florida Everglades | |
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| Wetlands and the Law | |
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| Creating Wetlands | |
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| Ecology in Action: Wetland Delineation | |
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| Population and Community Ecology | |
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| Populations and Resources: A Balancing Act | |
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| Assessing Trends in Populations | |
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| The Drive to Compete | |
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| Populations and Natural Processes | |
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| Ecological Niche; or, How to be Your Favorite Organism | |
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| Who Needs Sex Anyway? | |
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| Ways to Produce Clones | |
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| The Ecological Costs of Sex | |
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| Many Babies or Big Bodies: An Energetic Trade-Off | |
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| Selection for an Optimal Number of Young | |
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| Territoriality | |
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| Polygyny and Female Choice | |
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| Making Connections: Fisheries | |
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| Fishing Isn't What it Used to Be | |
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| Fish, Fisheries, and Productivity | |
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| A Simple Model of Fisheries | |
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| Further Ecological Thoughts on Fisheries | |
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| Prey Switching and Fishing | |
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| Local Solutions to Fishery Problems | |
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| Are Fish Farms the Answer? | |
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| National and International Protection | |
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| Predators, Parasites, and More | |
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| The Evolutionary Success of Cowards | |
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| Pyramids of Power | |
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| Optimal Foraging Theory | |
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| Do Hunters Control Prey Populations? | |
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| Predators and Prey Behavior | |
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| Predators Can Increase Species Diversity | |
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| The Defensive Weapons of Plants | |
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| Other Species Interactions | |
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| Mimicry | |
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| Predation and Management | |
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| Communities Through Time: Changing Populations and Landscapes | |
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| The Coming and Going of Ice Ages | |
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| Are Communities Stable Through Time? | |
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| The Pollen History of Northeastern North American Forests | |
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| Plant Migrations in the Southwestern United States | |
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| A Mammal Community of the Past | |
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| Instability in the Tropics | |
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| So, Are Communities Stable Through Time? | |
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| Another Note on Extinction: The Blitzkrieg Hypothesis | |
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| Continuing Changes in Our Forests | |
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| Ecological Succession: Rebuilding Ecosystems | |
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| Clements and the Superorganism | |
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| Ashes to Forest | |
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| Succession and Ecosystem Functions | |
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| From Field to Forest | |
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| Succession and Coral Reefs | |
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| Disturbance That Maintains Diversity | |
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| Succession and Habitat Management | |
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| The Old-Growth Controversy | |
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| Equilibrium or Nonequilibrium in Our Modern Ecosystems | |
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| The How and Why of Tropical Biodiversity | |
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| Where Are the Tropics? | |
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| How Many Species Live in the Tropics? | |
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| Why Are There So Many Species in the Tropics? | |
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| The Diversity of Tropical Habitats | |
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| Structure and Niche Diversity in a Tropical Rain Forest | |
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| Niche Richness and Diversity | |
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| Are Extinction Rates Lower in the Tropics? | |
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| Pest Pressure | |
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| Speciation Mechanisms in the Tropics | |
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| Peopling Earth | |
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| Humans: A Late Arrival | |
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| From Hunter-Gatherer to Urban Dweller | |
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| Agriculture: The Springboard of Population Growth | |
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| An Exponentially Growing Population | |
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| Population Demographics | |
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| The Emergence of the MDCs | |
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| The Demographic Transition | |
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| Limiting the Expansion of the Human Population | |
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| Reforming the Role of Women | |
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| Human Population Growth and Consumerism | |
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| Ecological Impacts of Changing Land Use | |
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| Feeding the World | |
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| Human Nutritional Requirements | |
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| Agriculture versus Population Growth: A Deadly Race | |
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| Exporting the Green Revolution | |
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| Social Problems and the Second Green Revolution | |
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| Desertification | |
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| Sustainable Agriculture | |
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| Pollution: The Other Face of Fertilizers and Pesticides | |
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| What Is Pollution? | |
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| Pollution That Increases Growth | |
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| Biological Effects of Pollutants | |
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| Why Do We Pollute? | |
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| Pesticides: Pollutants That We Need | |
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| Pesticide Alternatives | |
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| Integrated Pest Management | |
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| Ecology in Action: Biological Control of Rabbits | |
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| Aspects of Tropical Development | |
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| Remote Sensing and Tropical Forests | |
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| Misleading Estimates of Forest Destruction | |
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| What Are the Factors Driving Deforestation? | |
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| Promoting the Conservation of Tropical Rain Forests | |
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| Sustainable Agriculture in the Forests | |
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| Before We Blame It All on LDCs | |
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| Overview | |
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| Ecology in Action: Can Extractive Industries Save the Rain Forest? | |
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| Habitat Fragmentation and Extinction | |
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| The Relationship Between Habitat Area and Species Diversity | |
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| Lessons from Islands | |
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| Edge Effects and Habitat Fragmentation | |
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| Songbirds and Forest Fragmentation | |
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| Metapopulations: Another Way to Think About Fragmented Populations | |
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| The Threat Posed by Exotic Species | |
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| Extinction or Crying Wolf? | |
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| Ecology in Action: Studying the Effects of Fragmenting a Rain Forest | |
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| Working to Save Biodiversity | |
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| What Is So Good About Biodiversity? | |
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| Why Have Nature Reserves? | |
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| The Population Needed for Survival | |
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| The Area Needed for Survival | |
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| The Management of Reserves | |
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| Restoration Ecology: The Next Thrust of Conservation | |
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| Crawling from the Brink of Extinction | |
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| Ecology in Action: Rebuilding a Prairie | |
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| Atmosphere, Air Pollution, and Ozone | |
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| The Composition of the Atmosphere | |
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| Layers in the Atmosphere | |
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| Air Pollution | |
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| Our Love-Hate Relationship with Ozone | |
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| Tropospheric Ozone: The Hate Relationship | |
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| Stratospheric Ozone: The Love Relationship | |
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| Protecting the Ozone Layer | |
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| Climate Change and Global Warming | |
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| The Greenhouse Effect | |
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| Carbon Dioxide Concentration Through Time | |
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| Climatic Triggers | |
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| Human Actions and Climate Change | |
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| Computer Simulations of a Warmer World | |
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| The Potential Effects of a 2.5[degree]C Warming | |
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| Carbon Sequestration: A New Way to Think About a Tree | |
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| Global Warming: A Risk to Be Ignored? | |
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| Ecology in Action: Ecologists Monitor Boreal Fires and Climate Change | |
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| How Does Acid Deposition Affect Ecosystems? | |
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| Acidity: Definition and Sources | |
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| The Effect of Acid Deposition on Terrestrial Systems | |
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| The Effect of Acid Deposition on Aquatic Systems | |
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| Acid Transport and Buffered Systems | |
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| Solutions to the Acid Deposition Problem | |
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| Ecology and Society | |
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| The Use and Supply of Energy | |
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| Power Plants Do Not Make Energy | |
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| A Brief History of Energy Use in the United States | |
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| Nuclear Power: Fallacy of a Dream Foretold | |
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| Our Future Stocks of Energy | |
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| Energy and Pollution | |
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| "Alternative" Energy Sources | |
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| Meeting Future Energy Demand | |
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| Energy Conservation and Efficiency | |
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| Energy and Development | |
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| Disease | |
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| Battling Malaria: Nearly a Success Story | |
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| Drug Resistance and Diseases That Haunt Us | |
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| Evolutionary Thoughts About Virulence | |
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| The Ecological Perspective | |
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| Human Immunodeficiency Virus | |
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| Ecology in Action: Ecologists Search for a Pattern in Hantavirus Outbreaks | |
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| Environmental Economics | |
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| Traditional Economics and Market Values | |
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| Benefit-cost Analysis: A Two-edged Sword | |
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| How Much Are We Prepared to Pay to Prevent Pollution? | |
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| The Environmental Industry: Economic Drag or Stimulus? | |
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| A Digression on the Meaning of Sustainability | |
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| How Do We Evaluate Development? | |
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| Global Budgets and Local Accounts | |
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| Environmental Legislation and Policy | |
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| Common Law and the Environment | |
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| Protection Under Statutory Law | |
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| A Pocket History of Environmental Legislation | |
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| Focus on Five Pieces of Legislation | |
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| Property Rights versus Environmental Legislation | |
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| Ecology in Action: Ecologists and Environmental Impact Surveys | |
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| Peering into the Future | |
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| Is the End Nigh? | |
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| The Lesson of Easter Island | |
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| Human Initiative Saves the Day? | |
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| The Rise of Genetic Manipulation | |
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| Another Clone? There's More Where This Came From | |
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| Future Choices | |
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| Glossary | |
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| References | |
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| Photo Credits | |
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| Index | |