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Preface | |
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Introduction to the Nonhuman Primates | |
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How Much Like Us? | |
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What Is a Primate? | |
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The Extremities (Hands and Feet) | |
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Locomotion | |
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Sense Organs | |
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Dentition | |
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Reproduction and Socialization | |
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Behavior and Ecology | |
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What Is Primatology? | |
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Why Study Primates? | |
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Primates as Models | |
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Where Does One Go To Study Nonhuman Primates? | |
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Summary | |
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Key Words | |
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Study Questions | |
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Suggested Readings and Related Web Sites | |
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Primate Classification | |
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Classification Systems | |
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What Is a Species? | |
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How New Species Appear | |
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Naming a Species | |
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Primate Taxonomy | |
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Higher Taxonomic Units | |
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The Two Primate Suborders: Strepsirhini and Haplorhini | |
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The Strepsirhine Primates | |
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Superfamily: Lemuroidea | |
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Superfamily: Lorisoidea | |
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The Haplorhine Primates | |
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Three Haplorhine Infraorders | |
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Summary | |
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Key Words | |
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Study Questions | |
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Suggested Readings and Related Web Sites | |
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Primate Biogeography | |
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Where Do Primates Live Today? | |
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World Biomes | |
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Rain Forest | |
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Seasonal Forest | |
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Woodland Forest | |
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Savanna | |
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Semi-Desert Scrub | |
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Temperate Woodland Forest | |
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Distribution of Primates | |
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The Strepsirhines | |
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The Haplorhine Primates: The Tarsiers | |
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The Catarrhine Monkeys, Cercopithecinae | |
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The Catarrhine Monkeys, Colobinae | |
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The Asian Apes | |
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The African Apes | |
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The Platyrrhine Monkeys | |
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Biogeographical Patterns | |
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Summary | |
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Key Words | |
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Study Questions | |
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Suggested Readings and Related Web Sites | |
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The Primate Body | |
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The General Primate Body Plan | |
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Skeleton | |
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Dentition | |
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Body Size and Energy Requirements | |
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Diet and Dietary Adaptations | |
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Nutritional Gain with Different Diets | |
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Locomotor Systems | |
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Sensory Systems | |
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The Brain | |
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The Olfactory System | |
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The Visual System | |
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The Tactile System | |
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The Auditory System | |
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The Taste System | |
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Reproductive Biology | |
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Growth and Development | |
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Life Expectancy | |
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Summary | |
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Key Words | |
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Study Questions | |
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Suggested Readings and Related Web Sites | |
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Primate Evolution | |
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What Is Evolution and How Does It Work? | |
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How Do We Discern Ancestor-Descendant Relationships? | |
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Evolutionary Models for Primate Evolution | |
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The Nature of the Primate Fossil Record | |
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How Do We Date a Fossil? | |
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Earth Is Constantly Changing | |
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Plate Tectonics | |
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Climate | |
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How Life on Earth Has Evolved | |
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Fossil Primates | |
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The First Primates to Be Recognized: The Euprimates | |
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The First Haplorhines | |
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The Tarsier Lineage | |
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The Platyrrhines: The First Monkeys of the Americas | |
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The First Catarrhines | |
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The First True Apes | |
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Basal Monkey Catarrhines | |
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Summary | |
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Key Words | |
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Study Questions | |
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Suggested Readings and Related Web Sites | |
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Primate Ecology | |
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How Primates Use their Environment | |
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Ecology Basics | |
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The Components of an Ecosystem | |
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Factors that Limit Populations | |
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Species Interactions: Primates as Prey | |
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Parasitic Predators | |
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Primate-Plant Interactions | |
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Primates as Pollinators | |
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Primates as Seed Dispersers | |
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Primates as Pruners | |
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Behavioral Ecology of Primates | |
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How to Study Behavioral Ecology | |
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How Food Is Distributed in the Various Biomes | |
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How Primates Find Food | |
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Intergroup Competition and Competitive Exclusion | |
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Polyspecific Associations | |
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Ranging Behavior | |
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Territoriality | |
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Activity Cycles | |
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Active Time | |
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How Do Primates Divide Up Their Day? | |
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Seasonal Influences on Time Budgets | |
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Extreme Form of Energy Conservation | |
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Summary | |
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Key Words | |
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Study Questions | |
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Suggested Readings and Related Web Sites | |
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Primate Social Organization | |
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Why Do Some Primates Live in Social Groups While Some Do Not? | |
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Types of Social Groupings | |
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Solitary Foragers | |
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One Male-One Female or Pair Group | |
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One Male-Multifemale Group | |
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Multimale-Multifemale Group | |
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Complex, Multileveled Group | |
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Why Do Animals Migrate? | |
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Summary | |
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Key Words | |
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Study Questions | |
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Suggested Readings and Related Web Sites | |
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Primate Social Relationships | |
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Primates as Social Organisms | |
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Primate Relationships | |
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The Adaptive Value of Social Behavior: Selfishness, Kin Selection, and Altruism | |
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Types of Primate Social Relationships | |
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Relationships Between Males | |
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Relationships Between Females | |
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Relationships Between Males and Females | |
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Relationships Between Adults and Young | |
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Summary | |
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Key Words | |
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Study Questions | |
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Suggested Readings and Related Web Sites | |
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Primate Communication | |
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What is Language? | |
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Theories about the Origin of our Language Ability | |
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Origin of Language and Mirror Neurons | |
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Origin of Language and the FOX Gene Family | |
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How Different is Human Vocal Communication from that of Other Primates? | |
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Ways to Communicate | |
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Communication using Olfaction | |
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Communication using Vision | |
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Communication using Tactile Senses | |
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Communication using Vocalization | |
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Vocalization of Primates in their Natural Environments | |
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What Do Primates Tell Each Other? | |
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Talking with the Apes: Captive Studies | |
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Teaching Apes to Speak and Understand Our Speech | |
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Teaching Apes Sign Language | |
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Teaching Apes Symbols | |
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What Does Our Language Have in Common with the Vocal Communications of Primates? | |
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Language Perception | |
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Semantic Ability | |
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Syntactical Ability | |
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How is Language and Vocal Communication Acquired? | |
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Summary | |
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Key Words | |
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Study Questions | |
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Suggested Readings and Related Web Sites | |
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The Primate Brain and Complex Behavior | |
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What We can Learn by Studying the Brain | |
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Why Study Nonhuman Primate Minds? | |
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Do You Need a Big Brain to Perform Complex Behaviors? | |
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Exploring Mental States in Primates | |
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Theory of Mind | |
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Awareness | |
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Why Should Primates Need to Think? Exploring Mental States in Primates | |
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Social Manipulation and Deception | |
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Cooperation and Planning-Hunting Primates | |
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Cooperation and Knowledge Transfer | |
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Primates Who Make and Use Tools | |
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What Does It Take to Use and Make a Tool? | |
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How are Tool-using and Tool-making Skills Learned? | |
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Can Primates Count and Do Arithmetic? | |
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Summary | |
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Key Words | |
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Study Questions | |
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Suggested Readings and Related Web Sites | |
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Primate Conservation | |
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What Is the Future for the Primate Order? | |
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Shrinking Habitats | |
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What Is Bushmeat and How Does It Differ from Any Other Wild Game? | |
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Epidemics and Transmissible Diseases | |
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The Primate Pet Trade | |
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Canned and Trophy Hunting | |
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Conservation | |
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Conservation in the Wild | |
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Conservation in Captivity | |
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Primates in Medical Research | |
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Summary | |
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Key Words | |
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Study Questions | |
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Suggested Readings and Related Web Sites | |
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Metric-Imperial Conversions | |
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Comparative Primate Skeletons | |
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Glossary | |
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References | |
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Credits | |
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Index | |