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| The Ancient Periodthe Spirit of Greek Philosophy: Philosophy as Wonder | |
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| The Predecessors of Socrates | |
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| Selected Fragments from the Pre-Socratics | |
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| Socrates (469-399 B.C.) The Trial of Socrates (Plato's Apologycomplete) | |
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| The Death of Socrates (from Plato's Phaedo) | |
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| Plato (427-347 B.C.) Doctrine of Forms (General Statement, from Parmenides) | |
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| Doctrine of Forms (Creation Myth, from Timaeus) | |
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| Knowledge: Analogy of the Cave (from The Republic, Book VII) | |
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| Learning as Recollection (from Meno) | |
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| Socrates' Dinner-Party Speech (from Symposium) | |
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| Virtue and the Highest Good (from Laws, Book IV) | |
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| Laying the Groundwork for Justice (from The Republic Book II) | |
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| The Philosopher King 1(Republic, Book V) | |
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| The Philosopher King 2(from Epistle VII, to the friends and companions of Dion) | |
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| Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) Toward a Definition of Wisdom (from Metaphysics, Book I) | |
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| The Prime Mover: One and Eternal (from Physics, Books I and VIII) | |
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| Thought, Contemplation, and the Life of God (from Metaphysics, Book XII) | |
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| Happiness and Man's Good (from Nicomachean Ethics, Book I) | |
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| Moral Virtue and the Mean (from Nicomachean Ethics, Book II) | |
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| The End of Human Nature: Happiness (from Nicomachean Ethics, Book X) | |
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| Wisdom and Virtue as the Basis of Society (from Politics, Book VII) | |
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| The Civil Society (from Politics, Book I) | |
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| Epicurus (341-270 B.C.) The Letter of Epicurus to Herodotus | |
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| The Stoics: Epictetus (A.D. 50-138) and Marcus Aurelius (A.D. 121-180) | |
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| Cleanthes'Hymn to Zeus | |
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| The Manual of Epictetus | |
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| The Meditations of Marcus Aurelius | |
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| The Medieval Periodthe Spirit of Medieval Philosophy: Philosophy Meets Theology | |
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| St. Augustine (354-430) | |
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| Augustine's Conversion (from Confessions, Book Eight: iii, vii, viii, xii) | |
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| On Love of God (from the Confessions, chap. x) | |
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| The Problem of Human Freedom (from On Free Choice of the Will) | |
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| The Problem of Evil: 1 (from Confessions) | |
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| The Problem of Evil: 2 (from Enchiridion) | |
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| The Mystery of Time (from Confessions, Book Eleven) | |
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| St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) | |
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| On the Existence of God (from Summa theologiae, Part I) | |
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| On the Soul (from Summa theologiae, Part I) | |
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| The Unity of Man (from Summa theologiae, Part I) | |
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| On Happiness (from Summa contra Gentes, IV) | |
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| On the Essence of Law (from Summa theologiae, Parts I-II) | |
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| On the Various Kinds of Law (from Summa theologiae, Parts I-II) | |
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| William of Ockham (c. 1280-1349) | |
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| On the Problem of Universals (from Logic, I, 14) | |
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| A Universal Is Not a Thing Outside the Mind (from Logic, 15) | |
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| A Universal Is Indistinct Knowledge of Many (from Commentary on Aristotle's `On Interpretation') | |
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| On Being (from Logic, I, 38) | |
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| Book I (ordinatio) Distinction 2, Question IX (from Commentary on the 'Sentences') | |
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| The Modern Periodthe Spirit of Modern Philosophy: Philosophy and the Rise of Science | |
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| Rene Descartes (1596-1650) | |
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| Discourse on Method | |
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| Meditations on First Philosophy | |
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| Meditations on the First Philosophy in which the Existence of God and the Distinction between Mind and Body Are Demonstrated | |
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| Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677) | |
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| Definitions and Axioms (from Ethics, Part I) | |
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| Seven Propositions on Substance (from Ethics, Part I) | |
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| The Third Degree of Knowledge and the Love of God (from Ethics, Part V) | |
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| Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716) | |
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| From The Monadology | |
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| Evil as Privation (from Theodicy, #20) | |
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| The Analogy of the Boat (from Theodicy, #30-1) | |
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| No | |