| |
| |
| |
What Are Amphibians And Reptiles? | |
| |
| |
| |
Herpetology as a Field of Study | |
| |
| |
The Diversity of Amphibians and Reptiles | |
| |
| |
Shared Characters of Amphibians and Reptiles | |
| |
| |
Amphibians and Reptiles in Terrestrial Ecosystems | |
| |
| |
Development of Herpetology as a Field of Study | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
The Place of Amphibians and Reptiles in Vertebrate Evolution | |
| |
| |
Phylogenetic Systematics | |
| |
| |
The Transition from fishes to Tetrapods | |
| |
| |
The Ecological Transition in Tetrapod Origins | |
| |
| |
Monophyly of Lissamphibia | |
| |
| |
Two Hypotheses for Relations between Lissamphibians and Paleozoic Amphibians | |
| |
| |
Paedomorphosis in Lissamphibian Evolution | |
| |
| |
Relationships among Extant Orders of Lissamphibia | |
| |
| |
The Radiation of Amniotes | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
Classification and Diversity of Extant Amphibians | |
| |
| |
Salamanders (Urodela) | |
| |
| |
Systematics and Phylogeny of Extant Salamanders | |
| |
| |
Caecilians (Gymnophiona) | |
| |
| |
Systematics and Phylogeny of Caecilians | |
| |
| |
Frogs (Anura) | |
| |
| |
Systematics and Phylogeny of Frogs | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
Classification and Diversity of Extant Reptiles | |
| |
| |
Turtles (Testudines or Chelonia) | |
| |
| |
Systematics and Phylogeny of Turtles | |
| |
| |
Lepidosauria | |
| |
| |
Tuatara (Rhynchocephalia) | |
| |
| |
Lizards and Snakes (Squamata) | |
| |
| |
Systematics and Phylogeny of Lizards | |
| |
| |
Systematics and Phylogeny of Snakes | |
| |
| |
Crocodilians (Crocodylia) | |
| |
| |
Systematics and Phylogeny of Crocodilians | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
How Do They Work? | |
| |
| |
| |
Temperature and Water Relations | |
| |
| |
Pathways of Energy and Water Exchange | |
| |
| |
Water Uptake and Loss | |
| |
| |
Heat Gain and Loss | |
| |
| |
Behavioral Aspects of Thermoregulation | |
| |
| |
Cardiovascular Control of Heating and Cooling | |
| |
| |
The Thermal Ecology of Amphibians and Reptiles | |
| |
| |
Water in the Lives of Amphibians and Reptiles | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
Energetics and Performance | |
| |
| |
Sites of Gas Exchange | |
| |
| |
Patterns of Blood Flow | |
| |
| |
Functions of Intracardiac Shunts | |
| |
| |
ATP Synthesis: Oxidative and Glycolytic Metabolism | |
| |
| |
Energy Costs of Natural Activities | |
| |
| |
Annual Energy Budgets | |
| |
| |
Environmental Variables and Performance | |
| |
| |
Performance and Fitness | |
| |
| |
Trade-Offs | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
Reproduction and Life History | |
| |
| |
Sexual and Asexual Reproduction | |
| |
| |
Reproductive Cycles | |
| |
| |
Gametes, Fertilization, and Development | |
| |
| |
Sex Determination | |
| |
| |
Life Cycles and Reproductive Modes | |
| |
| |
Heterochrony | |
| |
| |
Parental Care | |
| |
| |
Viviparity | |
| |
| |
Life history Variation | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
Body Support and Locomotion | |
| |
| |
Body Support, Thrust, and Gait | |
| |
| |
Lever Systems | |
| |
| |
Terrestrial Locomotion with Limbs | |
| |
| |
Jumping | |
| |
| |
Terrestrial Limbless Locomotion | |
| |
| |
Aquatic Locomotion | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
Feeding | |
| |
| |
Suction and Suspension Feeding | |
| |
| |
Terrestrial Feeding Mechanisms | |
| |
| |
Cranial Kinesis | |
| |
| |
Envenomation | |
| |
| |
Pit Organ | |
| |
| |
Herbivory | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
What Do They Do? | |
| |
| |
Movements and Orientation | |
| |
| |
Ecological Consequences of Movement | |
| |
| |
Methods for Studying Movements | |
| |
| |
Types of Movement | |
| |
| |
Local Movements and home Range | |
| |
| |
Territoriality | |
| |
| |
Migration | |
| |
| |
Movement of Juveniles | |
| |
| |
Homing Behavior | |
| |
| |
Mechanisms of Orientation | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
Communication | |
| |
| |
Modes of Communication | |
| |
| |
Constraints on Signal production | |
| |
| |
Communication and Noise | |
| |
| |
Communication in the Major Clades of Amphibians and Reptiles | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
Mating Systems and Sexual Selection | |
| |
| |
The Relationship of Mating Systems and Sexual Selection | |
| |
| |
Mating Systems of Amphibians and Reptiles | |
| |
| |
Variables Affecting Male Reproductive Success | |
| |
| |
Patterns of Sexual Size Dimorphism | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
Foraging Ecology and Interspecific Interactions | |
| |
| |
Foods and Feeding | |
| |
| |
Foraging Behaviors | |
| |
| |
Optimal Diets | |
| |
| |
Parasite-Host Interactions | |
| |
| |
Predator-Prey Interactions | |
| |
| |
| |
Species Assemblages | |
| |
| |
Gradients in Species Richness | |
| |
| |
Determinants of Assemblage Structure and Composition | |
| |
| |
Case Studies of Amphibian and Reptiles Assemblages | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
What Are Their Prospects For Survival? | |
| |
| |
| |
Conservation and the Future of Amp | |