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| Preface | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Levels of programming language | |
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| Programming language processors | |
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| Specification of programming languages | |
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| Syntax | |
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| Contextual constraints | |
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| Semantics | |
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| Case study: the programming language Triangle | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Language Processors | |
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| Translators and compilers | |
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| Interpreters | |
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| Real and abstract machines | |
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| Interpretive compilers | |
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| Portable compilers | |
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| Bootstrapping | |
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| Bootstrapping a portable compiler | |
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| Full bootstrap | |
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| Half bootstrap | |
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| Bootstrapping to improve efficiency | |
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| Case study: the Triangle language processor | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Compilation | |
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| Phases | |
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| Syntactic analysis | |
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| Contextual analysis | |
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| Code generation | |
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| Passes | |
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| Multi-pass compilation | |
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| One-pass compilation | |
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| Compiler design issues | |
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| Case study: the Triangle compiler | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Syntactic Analysis | |
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| Subphases of syntactic analysis | |
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| Tokens | |
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| Grammars revisited | |
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| Regular expressions | |
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| Extended BNF | |
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| Grammar transformations | |
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| Starter sets | |
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| Parsing | |
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| The bottom-up parsing strategy | |
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| The top-down parsing strategy | |
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| Recursive-descent parsing | |
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| Systematic development of a recursive-descent parser | |
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| Abstract syntax trees | |
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| Representation | |
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| Construction | |
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| Scanning | |
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| Case study: syntactic analysis in the Triangle compiler | |
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| Scanning | |
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| Abstract syntax trees | |
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| Parsing | |
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| Error handling | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Contextual Analysis | |
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| Identification | |
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| Monolithic block structure | |
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| Flat block structure | |
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| Nested block structure | |
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| Attributes | |
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| Standard environment | |
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| Type checking | |
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| A contextual analysis algorithm | |
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| Decoration | |
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| Visitor classes and objects | |
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| Contextual analysis as a visitor object | |
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| Case study: contextual analysis in the Triangle compiler | |
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| Identification | |
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| Type checking | |
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| Standard environment | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Run-Time Organization | |
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| Data representation | |
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| Primitive types | |
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| Records | |
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| Disjoint unions | |
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| Static arrays | |
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| Dynamic arrays | |
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| Recursive types | |
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| Expression evaluation | |
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| Static storage allocation | |
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| Stack storage allocation | |
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| Accessing local and global variables | |
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| Accessing nonlocal variables | |
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| Routines | |
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| Routine protocols | |
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| Static links | |
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| Arguments | |
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| Recursion | |
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| Heap storage allocation | |
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| Heap management | |
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| Explicit storage deallocation | |
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| Automatic storage deallocation and garbage collection | |
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| Run-time organization for object-oriented languages | |
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| Case study: the abstract machine TAM | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Code Generation | |
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| Code selection | |
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| Code templates | |
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| Special-case code templates | |
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| A code generation algorithm | |
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| Representation of the object program | |
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| Systematic development of a code generator | |
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| Control structures | |
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| Constants and variables | |
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| Constant and variable declarations | |
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| Static storage allocation | |
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| Stack storage allocation | |
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| Procedures and functions | |
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| Global procedures and functions | |
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| Nested procedures and functions | |
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| Parameters | |
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| Case study: code generation in the Triangle compiler | |
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| Entity descriptions | |
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| Constants and variables | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Interpretation | |
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| Iterative interpretation | |
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| Iterative interpretation of machine code | |
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| Iterative interpretation of command languages | |
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| Iterative interpretation of simple programming languages | |
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| Recursive interpretation | |
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| Case study: the TAM interpreter | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| The programming language life cycle | |
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| Design | |
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| Specification | |
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| Prototypes | |
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| Compilers | |
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| Error reporting | |
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| Compile-time error reporting | |
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| Run-time error reporting | |
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| Efficiency | |
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| Compile-time efficiency | |
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| Run-time efficiency | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Projects with the Triangle language processor | |
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| Appendices | |
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| Answers to Selected Exercises | |
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| Informal Specification of the Programming Language Triangle | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Commands | |
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| Expressions | |
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| Value-or-variable names | |
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| Declarations | |
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| Parameters | |
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| Type-denoters | |
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| Lexicon | |
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| Programs | |
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| Description of the Abstract Machine TAM | |
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| Storage and registers | |
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| Instructions | |
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| Routines | |
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| Class Diagrams for the Triangle Compiler | |
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| Compiler | |
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| Abstract syntax trees | |
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| Commands | |
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| Expressions | |
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| Value-or-variable names | |
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| Declarations | |
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| Parameters | |
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| Type-denoters | |
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| Terminals | |
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| Syntactic analyzer | |
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| Contextual analyzer | |
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| Code generator | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Index | |