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Surveying Principles | |
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Basics of Surveying | |
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Surveying Defined | |
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Types of Surveys | |
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Classes of Surveys | |
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Definitions | |
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Surveying Instrumentation | |
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Overview of a Modern Surveying Data System - The Science of Geomatics | |
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Survey Geographic Reference | |
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Survey Grid Reference | |
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Survey Legal Reference | |
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Survey Vertical Reference | |
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Distance Measurement | |
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Units of Measurement | |
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Location Methods | |
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Accuracy and Precision | |
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Accuracy Ratio | |
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Errors | |
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Mistakes | |
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Stationing | |
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Field Notes | |
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Field Management | |
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Distance Measurement | |
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Methods of Distance measurement | |
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Distance Measurement - General | |
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Other Indirect Measuring Ttechniques | |
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Gunterrsquo;s Chain | |
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Taping | |
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Taping Accessories | |
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Taping Techniques | |
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Standard Conditions for the Use of Steel Tapes | |
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Taping Corrections, General | |
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Systematic Slope Corrections | |
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Erroneous Tape Length Corrections | |
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Temperature Corrections | |
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Invar Steel tapes | |
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Tension and Sag Corrections | |
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Random Errors Associated With Systematic Taping Errors | |
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Random Taping Errors | |
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Techniques for Ordinary Taping Precision | |
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Mistakes in Taping | |
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Electronic Distance Measurement | |
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Electronic Angle Measurement | |
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Principles of Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM) | |
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EDM Instrument Characteristics | |
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Prisms | |
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EDM Instrument Accuracies | |
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EDM Instrument Operation | |
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Geometry of EDM Measurements | |
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EDM Without Reflecting Prisms Questions Problems | |
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Leveling | |
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General Background | |
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Theory of Differential Leveling | |
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Curvature and Refraction | |
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Types of Surveying Levels | |
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Leveling Rods | |
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Definitions for Differential Leveling | |
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Techniques of Leveling | |
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Benchmark Leveling (Vertical Control Surveys) | |
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Profile and Cross-Section Leveling | |
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Reciprocal Leveling | |
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Peg Test | |
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Three-Wire Leveling | |
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Trigonometric Leveling | |
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Level Loop Adjustments | |
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Suggestions for Rod Work | |
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Suggestions for Instrument Work | |
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Mistakes in Leveling Problems | |
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Angles and Directions | |
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General background | |
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Reference Directions for Vertical Angles | |
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Meridians | |
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Horizontal Angles | |
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Azimuths | |
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Bearings | |
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Relationships Between Bearings and Angles | |
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Reverse Directions | |
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Azimuth Computations | |
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Bearing Computations | |
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Comments on Bearings and Azimuths | |
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Magnetic Direction Problems | |
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Theodolites | |
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General Background | |
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Electronic Theodolite | |
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Theodolite Set-up | |
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Repeating Optical Theodolite | |
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Angle measurement With an Optical Theodolite | |
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Direction Optical Theodolites | |
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Angles Measured with a Direction Theodolite | |
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Geometry of the Theodolite and Total Station | |
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Adjustment of the Theodolite and Total Station | |
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Laying Off Angles | |
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Prolonging a Straight Line (Double-Centering) | |
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Bucking-in (also known as interlining and balancing-in) | |
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Intersection of Two Straight Lines | |
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Prolonging a Measured Line by Triangulation Over an Obstacle | |
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Prolonging a Line Past an Obstacle Questions | |
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Traverse Surveys | |
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General Background | |
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Open Traverse | |
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Closed Traverse | |
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Balancing Angles | |
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Latitudes and Departures | |
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Computation of Latitudes and Departures | |
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Traverse Precision and Accuracy | |
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Traverse Adjustments | |
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Compass Rule Adjustment | |
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Effects of Traverse adjustments on the Original Data | |
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Omitted Measurements | |
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Rectangular Coordinates of Traverse Stations | |
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Summary of Traverse Computations | |
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Area of a Closed Traverse by the Coordinate method | |
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Geometry of Rectangular Coordinates | |
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Illustrative Problems In Rectangular coordinates Problems | |
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Total Stations | |
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General Background | |
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Total Station Capabilities | |
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Total Station Field Techniques | |
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Summary of Total station Characteristics | |
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Field Procedures for Total Stations in Topographic Surveys | |
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Field-Generated Graphics | |
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Construction Layout Using Total Stations | |
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Motorized Total Stations | |
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Summary of Modern Total station Characteristics | |
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Hand-held Total Stations Questions | |
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Topographic Surveying and Mapping | |
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General Background | |
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Maps and Plans | |
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Scales and Precision | |
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Plan Plotting | |
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Contours | |
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Summary of Contour Characteristics | |
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Topographic (Planimetric) Surveys | |
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Cross Sections and Profiles | |
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Cross sections, End Areas and Volumes | |
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Prismoidal Formula | |
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Construction Volumes | |
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Area Computations | |
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Area by Graphical Analysis Problems | |
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Geographic Information Systems | |
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The Evolution from Mapping to GIS | |
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Components of a GIS | |
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Sources for GIS Data | |
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Georeferencing | |
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Database Management | |
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Metadata | |
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Spatial Data Transfer Standard (SDTS) | |
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Spatial Entities or Features | |
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Typical Data Representation | |
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Spatial Data Models | |
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GIS Data Structures | |
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Topology | |
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Data Analysis Summary | |
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GIS Glossary | |
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Internet Website | |
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Publications Questions | |
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Control Surveys | |
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General Background | |
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Plane Coordinate Grids | |
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Lambert Projection | |
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Transverse Mercator Projection | |
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Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Grid System | |
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Use of Grid Coordinates | |
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Illustrative Examples | |
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Horizontal Control Techniques | |
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Project Control | |
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Control Survey Markers | |
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Direction of a Line by Observation on Polaris | |
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Time | |
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Polaris | |
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Procedure for Observing Polaris | |
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Computation Technique for Azimuth Determination | |
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Direction of a Line by Gyro-Theodolite Questions Problems | |
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Global Positioning Systems (GPS) | |
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Introduction | |
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Global Satellite Positioning | |
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Receivers | |
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Constellations | |
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GPS Satellite Signals | |
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Position Measurements | |
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Errors | |
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Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS) | |
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Canadian Active Control System (ACS) | |
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Survey Planning | |
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GPS Field Procedures | |
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GPS Applications | |
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Vertical Positioning | |
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Conclusion | |
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GPS Glossary | |
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Recommended Readings and Related Websites Questions | |
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Remote Sensing | |
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Satellite Imagery | |
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General Background | |
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Techniques of Remote Sens | |