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| Preface | |
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| Introduction to Telecommunications | |
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| Role of the Communication System | |
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| What Is Telecommunications? | |
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| The Data Communication System | |
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| Future Trends in Telecommunications | |
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| The 1996 Telecommunications Reform Act | |
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| Problems | |
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| Noise | |
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| Effects of Noise | |
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| Noise Measurements | |
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| The Decibel | |
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| Signal-to-Noise Ratio | |
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| Noise Factor and Noise Figure | |
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| Bit Error Rate | |
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| Channel Capacity | |
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| Noise Types | |
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| Atmospheric and Extraterrestrial Noise | |
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| Gaussian Noise | |
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| Crosstalk | |
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| Impulse Noise | |
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| Problems | |
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| Amplitude Modulation | |
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| Defining AM | |
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| Generating the AM Waveform | |
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| Analysis of the AM Wave | |
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| Modulation Index | |
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| Envelope of the AM Waveform | |
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| Frequency Spectrum of the AM Wave | |
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| Power Distribution in the AM Waveform | |
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| Power Distribution in the AM Wave for 100% Modulation | |
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| Amplitude Modulation with Signals Other Than a Sine Wave | |
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| Single Sideband | |
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| Double-Sideband Suppressed Carrier | |
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| The Balanced Modulator | |
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| SSB Generation | |
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| Vestigial Sideband | |
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| Problems | |
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| Frequency Modulation | |
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| Angle Modulation | |
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| Modulation Index | |
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| Frequency Analysis of the FM Wave | |
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| Carrier Frequency Eigenvalues | |
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| Bandwidth Requirements for FM | |
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| Power in the FM Wave | |
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| FM Noise | |
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| Phasor Analysis of FM Noise | |
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| Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis | |
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| FM Generation | |
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| Varactor-Tuned Modulators | |
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| Reactance Modulator | |
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| Indirect FM Using the Armstrong Method | |
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| Problems | |
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| Pulse Modulation and Encoding Techniques | |
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| Advantages and Disadvantages of Pulse Modulation | |
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| Pulse-Code Modulation | |
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| Pulse-Amplitude Modulation | |
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| Regenerative Repeater | |
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| Distortion in a PCM Signal | |
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| Voice Compression in a PCM System | |
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| The Codec | |
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| Pulse-Width Modulation | |
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| Pulse-Position Modulation | |
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| Delta Modulation | |
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| Encoding Techniques | |
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| Unipolar Versus Bipolar Encoding | |
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| Nonreturn-to-Zero | |
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| Nonreturn-to-Zero Invert | |
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| Return-to-Zero | |
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| Self-Clocking Codes | |
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| The Phase-Locked Loop | |
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| PLL Theory of Operation | |
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| Frequency Synthesizer | |
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| Problems | |
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| Transmission Codes | |
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| Computer Number Systems | |
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| The Decimal Number System | |
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| The Binary Number System | |
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| The Octal Number System | |
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| The Hexadecimal Number System | |
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| Binary-Coded Decimal | |
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| BCD Addition | |
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| Excess-3 Code | |
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| Gray Code | |
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| Morse Code | |
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| Baudot | |
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| EBCDIC | |
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| ASCII | |
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| ASCII Control Characters | |
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| Bar Codes | |
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| What Is Bar Code? | |
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| Bar Code Formats | |
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| Code 39 | |
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| Universal Product Code | |
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| POSTNET | |
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| Problems | |
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| Terminals | |
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| Terminal Classifications | |
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| Dumb Terminals | |
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| Smart Terminals | |
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| Intelligent Terminals | |
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| NC Terminals | |
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| Ergonomics | |
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| The ASCII Terminal | |
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| Alphanumeric Display | |
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| Screen Capacity | |
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| Keyboard Layout | |
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| Function Keys | |
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| Special Function Keys | |
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| Editing Keypad | |
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| Numeric Keypad | |
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| Baud Rate Selection | |
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| Parity | |
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| Transmission Modes | |
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| Using the Control (CTRL) Key | |
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| Escape Sequences | |
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| Terminal Interfaces | |
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| RS-232 Interface | |
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| RS-449, RS-422-A, and RS-423-A Interface | |
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| PCMCIA | |
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| Ethernet Interface | |
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| Current Loop Interface | |
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| IEEE-488 Interface Bus | |
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| SCSI Interface | |
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| Problems | |
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| Serial Interfaces | |
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| Synchronous Versus Asynchronous Serial Transmission | |
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| Asynchronous Serial Link Protocol | |
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| Synchronous Serial Link Protocol | |
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| Protocol Efficiency | |
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| Development of the Modem | |
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| A Need for Standardization | |
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| EIA RS-232 Interface Standard | |
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| Electrical Signal Specification | |
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| Noise Margin and Noise Immunity | |
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| An Asynchronous RS-232 Transmitted Character | |
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| Mechanical Specification | |
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| Functional Specification | |
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| Functional Definition | |
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| Interfacing DTE to DCE | |
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| A Complete RS-232 Interface | |
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| RS-232 9-Pin Serial Port Connector | |
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| Handshaking | |
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| RS-232 Interface to Devices Other Than a Modem | |
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| EIA RS-449, RS-422-A, and RS-423-A | |
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| Improving the Old Standard | |
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| EIA Objectives in Setting the New Standards | |
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| RS-449 Interchange Circuits | |
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| EIA RS-449 Mechanical Specification | |
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| EIA RS-422-A and RS-423-A: Balanced Versus Unbalanced Circuits | |
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| RS-422-A and RS-423-A Common-Mode Rejection | |
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| RS-422-A and RS-423-A Voltage Specification | |
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| RS-485 | |
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| RS-530 | |
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| Twenty- and Sixty-Milliampere Current Loop Standards | |
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| Problems | |
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| The Uart | |
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| UART Interface | |
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| UART Receiver Section | |
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| Double Buffering the UART Receiver | |
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| Composite Serial Character | |
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| Receiver Timing | |
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| Start Bit Detection | |
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| Receiver Sample Clock Generation | |
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| False Start Bit Detection | |
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| Flowcharting the Operation of the Receiver | |
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| UART Transmitter Section | |
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| Transmitter Composite Character | |
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| Transmit Shift Clock Generation | |
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| Transmitter Timing | |
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| Implementing the Transmit Hold and Shift Registers | |
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| Inserting Parity | |
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| Problems | |
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| The UART Interface | |
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| Interfacing the USART | |
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| Level Translation | |
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| RS-232 Interface to a Terminal | |
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| USART Transmit and Receive Clock | |
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| Addressing the USART | |
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| 8251A Block Diagram and Pin Configuration | |
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| Initializing the 8251A USART for Communication | |
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| Mode Instruction Definition for Asynchronous Communication | |
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| Mode Instruction Definition for Synchronous Communication | |
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| Command Instruction Definition | |
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| Status Read Definition | |
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| Asynchronous 4800-Baud Communication Program for the 8251A USART | |
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| Program Task | |
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| Mode Word Format | |
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| Command Word Format | |
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| Status Word Format | |
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| Error Detection: PE, OE, and FE | |
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| PE: Parity Error | |
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| OE: Overrun Error | |
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| FE: Framing Error | |
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| Introduction to the 16550A High-Speed UART | |
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| The 16550A UART Features | |
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| Problems | |
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| The Telephone Set and Subscriber Loop Interface | |
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| Basic Functions of the Telephone Set | |
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| Telephone Transmitter | |
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| Telephone Receiver | |
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| Telephone Ringer | |
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| Telephone Hybrid | |
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| Rotary Dialing with the Bell 500 Telephone | |
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| Telephone Gain Control | |
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| Electronic Pulse Dialing Telephone | |
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| Dual-Tone Multifrequency | |
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| The Local Loop | |
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| A Need for Centralized Switching | |
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| The Local Feeder Network | |
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| Telephone Cable Color Codes | |
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| Operating Specifications and Call Procedures | |
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| Call Progress Tones | |
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| Caller ID | |
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| Line Characteristics | |
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| Bandwidth Constraints | |
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| Loop Resistance | |
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| The Private Line | |
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| Line Conditioning | |
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| Unconditioned Voice-Grade Lines | |
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| Conditioning the Private Line | |
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| Equalization | |
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| Problems | |
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| The Telephone Network | |
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| The Public Switched Telephone Network | |
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| Switching Hierarchy of North America | |
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| Two-Wire Versus Four-Wire Circuits | |
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| Hybrids | |
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| Echo Suppressors and Echo Cancellers | |
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| Analog Companding | |
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| Transmission Media for Trunks | |
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| Open-Wire Pairs | |
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| Twisted-Pair Wires | |
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| Coaxial Cable | |
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| Microwave Links | |
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| Submarine Cables | |
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| Satellite Communications | |
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| Central Office Switching Systems | |
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| Step-by-Step Switching | |
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| Crossbar Switch | |
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| Electronic Switching System | |
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| Multiplexing | |
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| Space-Division Multiplexing | |
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| Frequency-Division Multiplexing | |
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| Time-Division Multiplexing | |
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| North American Digital Multiplex Hierarchy | |
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| The Bell System T1 Carrier | |
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| Digital Channel Banks | |
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| Pulse Train for the T1 Carrier | |
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| B8ZS Coding | |
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| Problems | |
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| Modems | |
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| Modem Features | |
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| Interface Techniques | |
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| Acoustically Coupled Modems | |
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| Direct-Connect Modems | |
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| Modulation Techniques | |
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| Modem Transmission Modes | |
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| The Bell Family of Modems | |
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| Bell 103/113 Modem | |
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| Bell 202 Modem | |
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| Bell 212A Modem | |
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| Bell 201 B/C Modem | |
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| Bell 208A and 208B Modems | |
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| Bell 209A Modem | |
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| ITU-TS Modems and Recommendations | |
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| ITU-TS Modem Recommendation V.22bis | |
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| ITU-TS Modem Recommendation V.29 | |
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| ITU-TS Modem Recommendation V.32 | |
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| ITU-TS Modem Recommendation V.32bis and V.32 terbo | |
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| ITU-TS Modem Recommendation V.33 | |
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| ITU-TS Modem Recommendation V.42 | |
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| ITU-TS Modem Recommendation V.42bis | |
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| ITU-TS Modem Recommendation V.34 | |
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| ITU-TS Modem Recommendation V.34+ | |
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| ITU-TS Modem Recommendation V.90 | |
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| ISDN Modem | |
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| Cable Modem | |
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| ADSL Modem | |
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| Analog Loopback Test | |
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| Digital Loopback Test | |
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| Modem Synchronization | |
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| Scrambling and Descrambling | |
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| Modem File Transfer Protocols | |
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| Xmodem | |
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| 1K-Xmodem | |
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| 1K-Xmodem/G | |
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| Ymodem | |
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| Ymodem/G | |
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| Zmodem | |
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| Kermit | |
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| Microcom Networking Protocol | |
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| Link Access Procedure | |
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| Improving Modem Performance | |
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| Modem Error Control | |
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| Throughput | |
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| Data Compression | |
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| Huffman Encoding | |
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| Problems | |
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| Synchronous Protocols | |
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| Standards Organizations for Data Communications | |
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| ISO-Open Systems Interconnect Seven-Layer Model | |
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| Bit-Oriented Protocols Versus Byte-Oriented Protocols | |
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| BISYNC | |
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| BISYNC Message Block Format | |
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| Transparent Text Mode | |
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| BISYNC Point-to-Point Line Control | |
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| BISYNC Multipoint Line Control | |
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| Telecommunications Switching Facilities | |
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| Circuit Switching | |
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| Message Switching | |
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| Packet Switching | |
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| High-Level Data Link Control | |
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| HDLC Frame Format | |
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| Zero-Bit Insertion and Deletion | |
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| HDLC Abort and Idle Condition | |
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| Control and Information Exchange | |
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| Problems | |
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| Local Area Networks | |
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| The Local Area Network | |
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| LAN Topology | |
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| The Star | |
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| The Bus | |
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| The Ring | |
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| The Extended Standard Star-Wired Ring | |
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| Channel Access | |
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| Polling | |
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| Contention | |
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| Token Ring Passing | |
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| LAN Transmission Media | |
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| EIA/TIA 568A Cabling Standard | |
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| Twisted-Pair Wire | |
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| Coaxial Cable | |
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| Fiber-Optic Cable | |
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| Wireless | |
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| LAN Connectors | |
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| UTP Connectors | |
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| STP Connectors | |
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| Coaxial Cable Connectors | |
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| D-Type Connector | |
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| Fiber-Optic Connectors | |
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| Baseband Versus Broadband Transmission | |
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| Baseband | |
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| Broadband | |
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| Ethernet | |
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| IEEE 80203 10Base5 Thicknet Specification | |
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| The Ethernet Segment | |
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| The Ethernet Repeater | |
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| The Ethernet Transceiver Cable | |
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| The H4000 Ethernet Transceiver | |
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| The Ethernet Controller | |
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| IEEE 802.3a 10Base2 Thin-net Specification | |
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| IEEE 802.3i 10BaseT Specification | |
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| Introduction to Token Ring | |
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| Token Ring History | |
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| Token Ring Architecture | |
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| Token Ring Principle | |
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| Differential Manchester Encoding | |
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| Token Structure | |
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| Dataframe Structure | |
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| The LAN Environment | |
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| The LAN Server | |
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| The LAN Client | |
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| Client/Server Versus Peer-to-Peer Networking | |
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| Internetworking the LAN to a WAN | |
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| The Hub | |
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| The Bridge | |
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| The Switch | |
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| The Router | |
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| The Gateway | |
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| Problems | |
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| The Internet and Emerging Technologies | |
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| Introduction to the Internet | |
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| Evolution of the Internet | |
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| Internet Search Tools | |
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| Domain Name System | |
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| Electronic Mail | |
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| The World Wide Web | |
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| Navigating the World Wide Web | |
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| Web Browsers | |
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| The Web Page | |
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| Web Search Engines | |
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| Connecting to the Internet | |
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| Introduction to TCP/IP | |
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| TCP/IP Layering | |
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| Request for Comments | |
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| Intranets | |
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| Common Uses of the Intranet | |
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| Firewalls | |
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| Emerging Technologies | |
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| ATM | |
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| ISDN | |
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| SONET | |
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| Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) | |
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| Fiber Distributed Data Interface | |
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| Fibre Channel | |
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| Frame Relay | |
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| Switched Multimegabit Data Service | |
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| Problems | |
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| Error Detection, Correction, and Control | |
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| Parity | |
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| Parity Generating and Checking Circuits | |
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| The Disadvantage with Parity | |
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| Vertical and Longitudinal Redundancy Checks | |
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| Cyclic Redundancy Checking | |
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| Computing the Block Check Character | |
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| Checksums | |
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| Single-Precision Checksum | |
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| Double-Precision Checksum | |
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| Honeywell Checksum | |
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| Residue Checksum | |
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| Error Correction | |
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| Hamming Code | |
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| Problems | |
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| Fiber Optics | |
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| History of Fiber Optics | |
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| Milestones in Fiber Optics | |
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| Advantages of Fiber-Optic Systems | |
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| Disadvantages of Fiber-Optic Systems | |
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| A Typical Fiber-Optic Telecommunications System | |
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| Theory of Light | |
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| Electromagnetic Spectrum | |
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| Speed of Light | |
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| Snell's Law | |
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| Total Internal Reflection | |
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| Propagation Modes and Classifications of Fiber | |
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| Wavelength-Division Multiplexing (WDM) | |
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| Fiber-Optic Cable Construction | |
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| Strength and Protection | |
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| Attenuation Losses in Optical Fibers | |
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| Absorption Loss | |
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| Rayleigh Scattering | |
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| Radiation Losses | |
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| Numerical Aperture | |
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| Fiber-Optic Connections | |
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| Splice Connection | |
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| Fusion Splice | |
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| Connectors | |
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| Insertion Losses for Connectors and Splices | |
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| Light-Emitting Devices | |
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| LED Versus ILD | |
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| Light-Emitting Diode | |
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| Injection Laser Diode | |
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| Light-Receiving Devices | |
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| Receiver Sensitivity | |
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| PIN Photodiode | |
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| Avalanche Photodiode | |
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| A Low-Cost Fiber-Optic Link | |
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| Problems | |
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| Wireless Communications | |
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| Personal Communications Services | |
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| Cellular Telephony | |
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| Theory of Operation | |
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| Mobile Telephony | |
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| The Cordless Telephone | |
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| Cordless Telephone Frequencies | |
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| Cordless Telephone Operation | |
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| Pagers | |
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| Pager History | |
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| Types of Pagers | |
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| Pager Operation | |
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| Pager Service Providers | |
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| Pager Frequencies | |
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| The Wireless LAN | |
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| RF-Based LANs | |
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| Spread-Spectrum Technology | |
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| IR Wireless LANs | |
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| Problems | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |