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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Computer Hardware | |
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| The Core of Computing: How the Key Elements of Hardware Work Together | |
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| An Overview of How a Computer Works | |
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| What Happens When a Computer Starts Up | |
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| The Computer Begins to Work | |
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| Binary and Digital | |
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| The Internal Operations of the CPU | |
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| Fetch | |
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| Decode (Analyze) | |
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| Execute | |
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| Store | |
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| The Clock | |
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| Interrupts | |
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| Designing a Faster CPU | |
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| Architecture: Suiting the CPU to the Task | |
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| RISC | |
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| SIMD | |
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| VLIW | |
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| Linking CPUs | |
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| Microprocessors for Special Purposes | |
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| ASICs | |
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| DSPs | |
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| Media Processors | |
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| FPGAs | |
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| New Approaches to Computing | |
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| Supercooling | |
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| Optical Computing | |
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| Even More Exotic Stuff | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Test Your Understanding | |
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| Memory, Storage, and Input/Output | |
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| An Overview of How Storage Works | |
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| A File is Loaded into Memory | |
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| The CPU Gets Information from Disk | |
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| A File is Saved to Disk | |
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| The Memory System | |
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| The Memory Problem | |
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| The System (Memory) Bus | |
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| Memory Chips | |
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| Some Other Types of Chip Storage | |
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| Disk Storage | |
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| Magnetic Storage | |
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| Optical Storage | |
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| The I/O Bus | |
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| PCI | |
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| External I/O | |
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| Chipsets | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Test Your Understanding | |
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| Computer Monitors and Graphics Systems | |
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| Making an Image | |
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| Pixels and Dots | |
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| Resolution | |
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| Resolution, Content, and Perception | |
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| Color | |
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| Contrast and Brightness | |
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| Image Stability and Smoothness of Motion | |
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| Monitor Technologies | |
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| The Structure of Graphics Systems | |
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| Bitmapped Images | |
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| Vector Images | |
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| Bitmaps vs. Vectors | |
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| Generations of Graphics Systems | |
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| First Generation Graphics | |
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| Second Generation Graphics Systems | |
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| The Key Elements of Third Generation (3d) Systems | |
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| Changes in Graphics Software | |
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| Printers | |
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| Printer Resolution | |
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| Major Types of Printers | |
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| Printer Intelligence | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Test Your Understanding | |
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| Silicon Economics | |
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| Silicon Foundations: Making Chips | |
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| Smaller is Cheaper | |
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| Smaller is Faster | |
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| Smaller Uses Less Power | |
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| New Approaches to Chipmaking | |
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| Microprocessor Families | |
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| Intel Corporation | |
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| Intel Clones | |
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| RISC CPUs | |
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| Summary: Can Anyone Compete with Intel? | |
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| Types of Computers | |
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| Mainframes | |
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| Supercomputers | |
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| Servers and Workstations | |
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| Desktops | |
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| The Set-top Box | |
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| Portable Systems | |
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| The Evolving Microprocessor Architecture: What Do You Do With a Billion Transistors on One Chip? | |
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| ASIC-Oriented | |
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| General-Purpose CPU | |
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| Media Processors | |
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| System on Chip | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Test Your Understanding | |
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| Putting it All Together | |
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| Servers | |
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| A Graphics System | |
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| An Analytical System | |
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| A Desktop System | |
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| A Portable System | |
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| Software | |
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| Fundamentals of the Operating System | |
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| Why Have an Operating System? | |
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| The Core Functions of an Operating System | |
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| System Supervision | |
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| Services to Hardware | |
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| Services to Software | |
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| Communications Services | |
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| Security | |
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| Single-User Systems in a Networked Environment | |
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| Directories | |
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| The Structure of the Operating System | |
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| The Kernel | |
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| User Section | |
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| The Challenge of Multiprocessing | |
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| Multiprocessing and the OS | |
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| Multiprocessing in Hardware | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Test Your Understanding | |
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| Evolution of the Operating System | |
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| Mainframe Systems | |
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| Minicomputer/Server Systems | |
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| Proprietary: VMS | |
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| Proprietary: OS/400 | |
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| Open: UNIX and Variants | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Test Your Understanding | |
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| Microcomputer Operating Systems | |
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| Microsoft's MS-DOS | |
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| An Overview of MS-DOS | |
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| Memory and Task Management | |
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| The Mac OS | |
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| Key Characteristics of the Mac OS | |
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| Initial Development of the Mac OS | |
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| Compatibility Issues | |
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| The Mac Shifts to the PowerPC | |
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| The Current Mac OS | |
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| Windows | |
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| Key Characteristics of the Window OS Series | |
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| Windows 1.0 to 2.0 | |
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| Windows 3.0 | |
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| Windows 95 and Windows 98 | |
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| Windows NT/2000 | |
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| OS/2 | |
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| A Network-Only OS: Netware | |
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| Very Small System Oss | |
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| The Palm OS | |
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| Epoc | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Test Your Understanding | |
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| Programming, Object Oriented Technology, and Software Development | |
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| Basic Programming Terminology | |
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| Subroutines | |
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| Interrupted vs. Compiled Languages | |
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| The Software Crisis | |
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| Structured Programming | |
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| Project Modeling | |
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| Modular Programming | |
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| Programming Languages by Level | |
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| Machine Language Programming | |
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| Assembly Language | |
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| High-level Languages | |
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| 4GLs (whatever they are) | |
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| Artificial Intelligence: 5GL? | |
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| Object-Oriented Technology | |
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| How OOT Works | |
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| Applying OOT | |
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| The Compound Document Concept | |
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| The Major Object-Oriented Languages | |
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| Software Development Strategies and Programming Tools | |
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| CASE Tools | |
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| Rapid Application Development | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Test Your Understanding | |
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| Databases, Applications, and Software Reliability | |
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| Databases | |
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| The Elements of a Database | |
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| Planning a Database | |
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| The Relational Model of Database Organization | |
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| Nonrelational Databases | |
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| The Power of Legacy Database Systems | |
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| Database Markets | |
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| Application Software | |
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| Spreadsheets | |
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| Word Processing | |
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| Voice Recognition: Coming on Strong | |
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| The Software Industry | |
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| Microsoft | |
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| The Rest | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Test Your Understanding | |
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| Putting It All Together | |
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| Choosing an OS for E-Commerce | |
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| Choosing a Database for E-Commerce | |
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| Choosing a Programming Language and Tools for E-Commerce | |
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| Networks and the Internet | |
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| Digital vs. Analog: Communications Basics | |
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| Waves of Information | |
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| Amplitude Modulation (AM) | |
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| Frequency Modulation (FM) | |
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| Phase Modulation (PM) | |
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| Bandwidth | |
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| Amplitude and Attention | |
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| Frequencies and Diffusion | |
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| Replacing Analog Signaling with Digital | |
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| Data Compression | |
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| Noncontent-based Compression | |
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| Error Detection and Correction | |
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| Forward Error Detection/Correction | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Test Your Understanding | |
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| Network Fundamentals | |
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| An Overview of Network Fundamentals | |
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| A Quick Analogy | |
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| Sending a File | |
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| The Importance of Packets | |
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| Addresses | |
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| Sequencing and Flow Control | |
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| Error Detection and Correction | |
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| Packet Size | |
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| Latency | |
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| Protocol Stacks | |
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| Layer 4: The Transport Layer | |
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| Layer 3: The Network Layer | |
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| Layer 2: The Data Link Layer | |
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| Layer 1: The Physical layer | |
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| Getting From A To B: Circuits, Virtual Circuits, and Circuitless Approaches | |
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| Leased Line | |
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| Switched Circuit | |
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| Internet Type | |
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| Cell or Framed Switched | |
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| Media | |
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| Wireless | |
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| Wired | |
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| Topologies, Multiplexing, and Synchronization | |
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| Topologies | |
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| Channels: Timing and Multiplexing | |
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| Network Connecting Points | |
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| Passive Devices: Hubs and Repeaters | |
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| Active Devices: Switches, Routers and Bridges | |
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| The Issue of Multicasting | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Test Your Understanding | |
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| Types of Networks | |
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| Local Area Networks | |
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| Ethernet | |
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| Token Ring | |
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| Lan to Lan Connections: Campus Networks | |
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| FDDI | |
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| ATM | |
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| Gigabit Ethernet | |
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| Which is Best for Backbone and Campus Links? | |
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| Local to Wide Area Connections: Access Networks | |
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| Carriers (Physical Links) | |
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| Network Services | |
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| Wans | |
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| Sonet | |
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| Wave Division Multiplexing | |
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| Wireless Wide Area and Access Networks | |
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| Wireless Local Loop | |
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| LMDS and MMDS | |
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| Satellite Links | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Test Your Understanding | |
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| Client/Server Concepts | |
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| Network Generations | |
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| Terminal-Host | |
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| Client-File Server | |
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| Client/Server | |
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| Distributed Data VS. Distributed Processing | |
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| Distributed Data Structures | |
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| Client/Server Data Systems | |
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| Data Warehouses | |
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| Computer Telephony Integration | |
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| Distributed Applications/Groupware | |
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| E-mail and Calendaring | |
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| Groupware: Lotus Notes and Others | |
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| Web Integration | |
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| Agent Software | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Test Your Understanding | |
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| The Internet and Network Security | |
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| |
| Origins of the Internet | |
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| From DARPA to ARPA | |
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| Early Uses | |
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| Organization | |
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| Virtual Private Networks, Firewalls, and the Concept of an Intranet | |
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| Network Security | |
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| Encryption Concepts | |
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| Digital Signatures | |
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| Digital Envelopes | |
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| Digital Certificates/Digital IDs | |
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| Digital Birthmarks | |
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| Cracking Codes | |
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| Methodology | |
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| Summary of Digital Security | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| |
| Test Your Understanding | |
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| Putting it All Together | |
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| |
| Conclusion: The Next Stages of Computing | |
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| |
| Glossary | |
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| Recommended Readings | |
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| Index | |