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| Light | |
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| Objectives | |
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| The Nature of Light | |
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| Radiant Energy | |
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| Speed/Frequency/Wavelength | |
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| Rays and Wavefronts | |
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| Starting Conditions | |
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| Reality and the Analytical Method | |
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| A Hint at What Is Ahead | |
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| Polarized Light | |
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| Calculating Illumination from a Light Source | |
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| Summary | |
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| Questions and Problems | |
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| Glass | |
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| Objectives | |
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| What Is Glass? | |
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| Physical Imperfections | |
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| Special Case | |
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| Mechanical Properties of Glass | |
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| Light/Glass Interaction | |
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| General Discussion | |
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| Index of Refraction | |
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| Dispersion | |
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| How Glass Is Catalogued | |
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| Operating Values | |
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| Precision of Measurement and Degree of Imperfections | |
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| Light Losses Passing through Glass | |
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| Reflection Loss at Entry | |
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| Transmission Loss in Transit through Glass | |
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| Reflection Loss at Exit | |
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| Overall Loss | |
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| Quality and Physical Form | |
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| How Glass Is Shaped | |
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| Centering | |
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| Edging | |
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| Summary | |
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| Questions and Problems | |
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| Reflection | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Reflection: What Is It? | |
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| General Discussion | |
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| Why We See What We See | |
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| Reflection's Geometry | |
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| Reflection from a Flat Surface | |
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| Finding Object and Image Positions | |
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| Applications of Flat Mirrors | |
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| The Optical Lever | |
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| Two-Mirror Reflectors | |
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| The Porro Mirror or Porro Prism | |
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| The Penta Mirror or Penta Prism | |
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| The Corner Reflector | |
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| Image Changes at Reflecting Surfaces | |
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| Reflection from Curved Mirrors | |
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| General Ground Rules | |
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| Curvature/Center/Focus Point | |
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| Object/Image/Ray Tracing | |
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| Object-Image Height Relationships | |
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| Summary | |
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| Questions and Problems | |
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| Refraction | |
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| Objectives | |
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| General Concepts | |
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| Wavefront Action | |
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| Snell's Law | |
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| Total Internal Reflection | |
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| Dispersion | |
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| Summary | |
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| Questions and Problems | |
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| Prisms and Plates | |
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| Objectives | |
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| General Description | |
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| Plates | |
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| Prisms | |
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| How Light Passes through a Prism | |
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| Special Purpose Prisms | |
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| The Penta Prism | |
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| Other Prisms | |
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| The Development of the Lens | |
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| Summary | |
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| Questions and Problems | |
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| The Thin Lens | |
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| Objectives | |
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| General Description | |
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| Mechanical Characteristics of Lenses | |
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| The Aspect Ratio | |
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| The Lens as an Optical Element | |
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| The Anatomy of the Lens | |
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| Refraction through a Lens | |
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| Action When a Light Ray Enters a Lens | |
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| Action When in Transit through the Lens | |
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| Action When the Light Leaves the Lens | |
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| The Power of a Lens R[subscript 1] and R[subscript 2] | |
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| The Diopter | |
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| Calculation of Power | |
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| Bending the Lens | |
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| Calculating the Focal Length of the Lens | |
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| The Principal Plane | |
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| Creation and Location of the Image | |
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| Image Location by Ray Tracing | |
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| Universal Ray Trace Concept | |
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| Image Location by Calculation | |
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| Determining the Image Height | |
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| Depth of Focus | |
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| Depth of Field | |
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| Summary | |
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| Question and Problems | |
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| The Thick Lens | |
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| Objectives | |
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| General Description | |
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| "Black Box" Analysis of an Optical Imaging Device | |
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| The Concept of the Thick Lens | |
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| Calculating f' and Locating P[subscript 1] and P[subscript 2] for the Thick Lens | |
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| The Anatomy of the Thick Lens | |
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| Locating Principal Planes Mathematically | |
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| Sign Convention | |
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| Ray-Tracing Procedures | |
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| Summary | |
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| Questions and Problems | |
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| Lens Aberrations | |
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| Objectives | |
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| General Discussion | |
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| The Seidel Aberrations Described | |
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| Spherical Aberration | |
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| Coma | |
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| Astigmatism | |
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| Field Curvature | |
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| Distortion | |
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| Longitudinal Chromatic (Color) Aberration | |
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| Lateral Chromatic Aberration | |
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| Summary | |
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| Questions and Problems | |
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| Lens Combinations | |
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| Objectives | |
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| General Discussion | |
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| Compound Lens Forms | |
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| Calculating Compound Lenses | |
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| General Discussion | |
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| Equations | |
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| The Barlow Lens | |
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| Combining More than Two Elements | |
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| What the Lens Designers Supply to You | |
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| Development of a Doublet | |
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| Lens Design Data Format | |
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| Summary | |
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| Questions and Problems | |
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| Ray Tracing | |
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| Objectives | |
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| General Discussion | |
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| The Ray-Tracing Procedure | |
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| Input Data Format | |
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| Making the Calculations | |
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| Setting Up the Drawing Paper | |
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| Locating and Showing P[subscript 1], P[subscript 2], and F[subscript 2] | |
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| Starting the Ray-Trace Drawing | |
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| |
| Completing the Ray-Trace Drawing | |
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| |
| Ray-Tracing Procedures | |
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| Overview | |
| |
| |
| Ray-Tracing Rules | |
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| Summary | |
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| The Human Eye | |
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| Objectives | |
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| |
| General Discussion | |
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| |
| Construction of the Eye | |
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| |
| The Cornea | |
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| |
| The Aqueous Humor | |
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| The Iris | |
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| |
| The Crystalline Lens | |
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| The Vitreous Humor | |
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| The Retina | |
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| Optical Characteristics of the Normal Eye | |
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| Seeing: Abilities and Limitations | |
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| Accommodation: the Mechanism of Imaging | |
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| |
| Acuity | |
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| Night Vision | |
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| Eye Defects | |
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| |
| Myopia | |
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| Hyperopia (Hypermetropia) | |
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| |
| Astigmatism | |
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| |
| Color Blindness | |
| |
| |
| Visual Acuity and Resolution | |
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| |
| Summary | |
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| |
| Questions and Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Representative Instruments | |
| |
| |
| Objectives | |
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| |
| Introduction | |
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| |
| Telescopes | |
| |
| |
| General Description | |
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| |
| Magnification | |
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| |
| The Galilean Telescope | |
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| |
| Astronomical Telescopes | |
| |
| |
| Reticles, Graticules, or Cross Hairs | |
| |
| |
| Terrestrial Telescopes | |
| |
| |
| Focusing the Terrestrial Telescope | |
| |
| |
| Binoculars | |
| |
| |
| The Optical Sight | |
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| |
| Range Finders | |
| |
| |
| Periscopes | |
| |
| |
| General Description | |
| |
| |
| The Optical Relay | |
| |
| |
| The Optical Schematic of the Periscope | |
| |
| |
| Microscopes | |
| |
| |
| The Simple Microscope | |
| |
| |
| The Compound Microscope | |
| |
| |
| Variations on the Basic Microscope | |
| |
| |
| Projectors | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Questions and Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Lasers and Coherent Light | |
| |
| |
| Objectives | |
| |
| |
| Coherent vs. Incoherent Light | |
| |
| |
| Laser Operation | |
| |
| |
| General Discussion of Laser Action | |
| |
| |
| The Anatomy of Common Lasers | |
| |
| |
| Mechanical and Optical Stability | |
| |
| |
| Laser Uses | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Optical Fibers | |
| |
| |
| Objectives | |
| |
| |
| A Basic Communication System | |
| |
| |
| Fiber Characteristics | |
| |
| |
| How Fibers Work | |
| |
| |
| Core and Cladding Material | |
| |
| |
| Critical Angle | |
| |
| |
| Acceptance Cone Angle | |
| |
| |
| Dispersion vs. Pulse Width | |
| |
| |
| End Connections and Other Degrading Situations | |
| |
| |
| Bends in the Fiber | |
| |
| |
| Fiber-to-Fiber Alignment Errors | |
| |
| |
| Other Applications for Optical Fibers | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Questions and Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fiber Feeders and Detectors | |
| |
| |
| Objectives | |
| |
| |
| General Conditions | |
| |
| |
| Feeders (Transmitters) | |
| |
| |
| LEDs | |
| |
| |
| Injection Lasers | |
| |
| |
| Detectors (Receivers) | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Diffraction and Interference | |
| |
| |
| Objectives | |
| |
| |
| Diffraction | |
| |
| |
| General Discussion | |
| |
| |
| Huygens' Principle | |
| |
| |
| The Airy Disk | |
| |
| |
| System Resolution and the Resolution Limit | |
| |
| |
| Interference | |
| |
| |
| Basic Action When Two Waves Interfere | |
| |
| |
| Young's Experiment | |
| |
| |
| Special Devices | |
| |
| |
| Newton's Rings in Soap Bubbles and Oil Films | |
| |
| |
| Newton's Rings in Testing Glass Surface Curvatures | |
| |
| |
| Interferometers | |
| |
| |
| The Michelson Interferometer | |
| |
| |
| Other Types of Interferometers | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Questions and Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Lens Testing | |
| |
| |
| Objectives | |
| |
| |
| Reasons for Testing | |
| |
| |
| Types of Tests | |
| |
| |
| Shop Tests | |
| |
| |
| Test Measurements | |
| |
| |
| Wavefront Aberration | |
| |
| |
| Spread Function | |
| |
| |
| Edge Trace | |
| |
| |
| Encircled Energy | |
| |
| |
| Bar Target (Square Wave) Contrast | |
| |
| |
| Modulation Transfer Function (Sine Wave Contrast) | |
| |
| |
| Optical Transfer Function | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mechanical Design | |
| |
| |
| Objectives | |
| |
| |
| Basic Mechanics of Materials | |
| |
| |
| Force | |
| |
| |
| Strength | |
| |
| |
| Special Conditions | |
| |
| |
| Mechanical Considerations for Mounting the Lens | |
| |
| |
| Mountings | |
| |
| |
| Lens Mounting Styles | |
| |
| |
| Degrees of Freedom | |
| |
| |
| Measurements | |
| |
| |
| Precision and Accuracy | |
| |
| |
| Errors and Mistakes | |
| |
| |
| Legitimate Math Manipulation of Data | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Questions and Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Optical Tooling | |
| |
| |
| Objectives | |
| |
| |
| General Discussion | |
| |
| |
| What Is Optical Tooling? | |
| |
| |
| Evolution of Special Requirements | |
| |
| |
| Theodolites | |
| |
| |
| Target Geometry and Seeing | |
| |
| |
| Flat Illumination | |
| |
| |
| High Contrast | |
| |
| |
| Pattern Symmetry | |
| |
| |
| Proper Areas for Reference | |
| |
| |
| Instruments Used in Optical Tooling | |
| |
| |
| The Alignment Telescope | |
| |
| |
| The Jig Transit | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Bibliography | |
| |
| |
| |
| n[subscript d] Versus Specific Gravity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Graph of n[subscript d] Versus v[subscript d] From Glass Catalog | |
| |
| |
| |
| Catalog Data for BK1 Glass | |
| |
| |
| |
| Light Absorption in Glass | |
| |
| |
| |
| Tutorial for Points-Slopes-Circles | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| The Point | |
| |
| |
| The Slope | |
| |
| |
| The Line | |
| |
| |
| Characteristics of the Line | |
| |
| |
| Lines Defined Mathematically | |
| |
| |
| The Two-Point Form | |
| |
| |
| The Point-Slope Form | |
| |
| |
| The Circle | |
| |
| |
| Application | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Barlow Lens Calculations | |
| |
| |
| Analysis of Figure 9-4a | |
| |
| |
| Analysis of Figure 9-4b | |
| |
| |
| Summary of the Above | |
| |
| |
| |
| A Presentation of Optical System Design Data | |
| |
| |
| An Explanation of the Symbols Shown Above | |
| |
| |
| |
| Determining Sagittal Heights | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Greek Alphabet | |
| |
| |
| |
| Optics Equations | |
| |
| |
| Glossary | |
| |
| |
| Index | |