| |
| |
| Foreword | |
| |
| |
| Preface and acknowledgments | |
| |
| |
| Preface to the Second Edition | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| What Is a Fuel Cell? | |
| |
| |
| |
| A Very Brief History of Fuel Cells | |
| |
| |
| |
| Types of Fuel Cells | |
| |
| |
| |
| How Does a PEM Fuel Cell Work? | |
| |
| |
| |
| Why Do We Need Fuel Cells? | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fuel Cell Applications | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fuel Cell Basic Chemistry and Thermodynamics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Basic Reactions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Heat of Reaction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Higher and Lower Heating Value of Hydrogen | |
| |
| |
| |
| Theoretical Electrical Work | |
| |
| |
| |
| Theoretical Fuel Cell Potential | |
| |
| |
| |
| Effect of Temperature | |
| |
| |
| |
| Theoretical Fuel Cell Efficiency | |
| |
| |
| |
| Carnot Efficiency Myth | |
| |
| |
| |
| Effect of Pressure | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| Quiz | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fuel Cell Electrochemistry | |
| |
| |
| |
| Electrode Kinetics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Voltage Losses | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cell Potential: Polarization Curve | |
| |
| |
| |
| Distribution of Potential Across a Fuel Cell | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sensitivity of Parameters in Polarization Curve | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fuel Cell Efficiency | |
| |
| |
| |
| Implications and Use of Fuel Cell Polarization Curve | |
| |
| |
| Solution | |
| |
| |
| Solution | |
| |
| |
| Solution | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| Quiz | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Main Cell Components, Material Properties, and Processes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cell Description | |
| |
| |
| |
| Membrane | |
| |
| |
| Solution | |
| |
| |
| |
| Electrodes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Gas Diffusion Layer | |
| |
| |
| |
| Bipolar Plates | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| Quiz | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fuel Cell Operating Conditions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Operating Pressure | |
| |
| |
| |
| Operating Temperature | |
| |
| |
| |
| Reactant Flow Rates | |
| |
| |
| |
| Reactant Humidity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fuel Cell Mass Balance | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fuel Cell Energy Balance | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| Quiz | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stack Design | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sizing a Fuel Cell Stack | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stack Configuration | |
| |
| |
| |
| Uniform Distribution of Reactants to Each Cell | |
| |
| |
| |
| Uniform Distribution of Reactants Inside Each Cell | |
| |
| |
| Solution | |
| |
| |
| |
| Heat Removal from a Fuel Cell Stack | |
| |
| |
| Solution | |
| |
| |
| Solution | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stack Clamping | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| Quiz | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fuel Cell Modeling | |
| |
| |
| |
| Theory and Governing Equations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Modeling Domains | |
| |
| |
| |
| Modeling Examples | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| Quiz | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fuel Cell Diagnostics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Electrochemical Techniques | |
| |
| |
| |
| Physical and Chemical Methods | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| Quiz | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fuel Cell System Design | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hydrogen/Oxygen Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hydrogen/Air Systems | |
| |
| |
| Solution | |
| |
| |
| Solution | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fuel Cell Systems with Fuel Processors | |
| |
| |
| |
| Electrical Subsystem | |
| |
| |
| |
| System Efficiency | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| Quiz | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fuel Cell Applications | |
| |
| |
| |
| Transportation Applications | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stationary Power | |
| |
| |
| |
| Backup Power | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fuel Cells for Small Portable Power | |
| |
| |
| |
| Regenerative Fuel Cells and Their Applications | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| Quiz | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Durability of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Scope and Organization of This Chapter | |
| |
| |
| |
| Types of Performance Losses | |
| |
| |
| |
| PEFC Components Associated with Different Types of Losses | |
| |
| |
| |
| Operating Conditions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Accelerated Test Protocols | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conclusions and Future Outlook | |
| |
| |
| Acknowledgments | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Future of Fuel Cells and Hydrogen | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| A Brief History of Hydrogen as a Fuel | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hydrogen Energy Technologies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Is the Present Global Energy System Sustainable? | |
| |
| |
| |
| Predicting the Future | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sustainable Energy System of the Future | |
| |
| |
| |
| Transition to Hydrogen or a "Hydricity Economy" | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Coming Energy Revolution? | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Index | |